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HINDI: 


■ ($ 

i 

SOME NOTES ON ITS GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE, WITH SPEOIMERS OF 
^ THE BONOS AND SAYINGS CURRENT AMONGST THE PEOPLE, 


AND A GLOSSARY 




BY 


^ hYdiack, c.s. 



i a 6 0 ^ ^ * 

THE “CIVIL AND MILITARY GAZETTE” SS, 
Contractors to the Punjab Government. 




1 


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CONOJfiNTS. 


Introduction . 

GRAMMATICAL NOTES ... 


I« > 


!«• 


Pages. 
i—iv 


••t 


1—9 


SONGS AND COUPLETS AND SAYINGS ... 
GLOSSARY. 

Appendix ; linguistic curiosities of 

DIVISION. 


••• It• III 

••• 

THE KULU SUR- 


11—43 

45—97 

99—107 



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!«»<« 


INTEODUCTION. 


Thb dialect dealt with in the following pages is the form of 
Hindi spoken by the mountaineers inhabiting a tract of country 
which may be roughly described as the upper Bias basin, that is, 
the valley of that river from its source on the Rotang Pass down to 
the point where, after passing through the Kulu Subdivision of the 
Kangra District and the Native State of Mandi, it leaves Mandi and 
ve-enters the Kangra District. Throughout this tract the river flows 
through superb mountain scenery, and its basin includes in addition 
to the main valley the glens traversed by its numerous affluents and 
their feeders. From the character of the country it is to be expected 
that the dialect should vary to some extent in the various glens, and 
such is the case ; but these variations are not so great as to constitute 
distinct dialects. In one singularly isolated glen, it is true, that of 
Malana, a perfectly distinct language has been conserved, specimens 
of which are given in the Appendix (a note on the linguistic curiosi¬ 
ties of the Kulu Subdivision). Elsewhere, however, though certain 
uncommon words are more used in one part of the tract than in an¬ 
other, and though the pronunciation is slightly different in different 
places (being generally broader in the more remote valleys), the 
great mass of the words in use and the peculiarities of grammar 
distinguishing the dialect from ordinary Hindi on the one hand, and 
from the remaining dialects of the Kangra District on the other, are 
the same. 

With somewhat greater variations the dialect is spoken in a 
strip of territory beyond the limits of the valley of the Bias. The 
course of that river is for the first forty miles from north to south; 
it then turns abruptly westwards flowing parallel to the Satlaj from 
which, at that point, it is less than thirty miles distant. The 
tract between the two rivers comprising the high ridge of the 
watershed and an infinity of mountain glens is loeally called Sar^j or 
The Highlands,” the eastern portion of which lies in the Kulu 



ii 


Subdivision, while the western is divided between the Native States 
. of Mandi and Suket. The northern half of this tract is included in the 
portion of the Bias Valley indicated above as that within which the 
dialect dealt with in these pages is spoken. In the southern half of 
^ Saraj, that is in the portion which lies in the Satlaj Valley, the 
dialect changes its character considerably and becomes more akin 
to that spoken in the Simla District and the petty Native States on 
the south bank of the Satlaj. The changes, though greater than the 
other local variations alluded to above, are not however such as to 
require to be dealt with in a separate sketch ; they have been indi¬ 
cated, like other local peculiarities, in the following grammatical 
notes which deal with the dialect as a whole ,* and in the collection of 
couplets and sayings as in the glossary of words those have been dis¬ 
tinguished which are peculiar to the Satlaj Valley. It may be taken 
that the dialect known in different localities as Kulu-ki Boli, ” 
“ Mandi-ki Boli,’^ andSaraj-ki Boii’’is in all essentials one and 
the same. 

The dialect possesses little, if anything, in the way of literature. 
The great majority of the hillmen who talk it are entirely uneducated, 
though most of the well-to-do peasants are able to write the corrupt 
form of the Nagari alphabet, known as Idnkari or Thdkuri, which is 
in use throughout the hills between Chamba and Simla. I say “ to 
write advisedly, for it is not an easy thing as a rule for one man to 
read another man’s Tankari or even sometimes for him to read his 
own. The alphabet known by the above name varies considerably in 
character from east to west, and even within the limits of the tract in 
which the Kulu dialect is spoken there are some variations. These 
are noted in the copy of the alphabet given at the commencement of 
the grammatical notes. 

The notes on the grammatical structure of the dialect are 
succeeded by a collection of specimen songs and verses and by a 
glossary. The materials for these were obtained during the re¬ 
settlement of the land revenue of Kulu effected in 1888-92. The 


iii 

verses and words were almost invariably written down in Tankari by a 
peasant able to write tbe cbaracter, and they are here reproduced in 
Roman type. One result of this method of record is to show that 
certain sounds which are difficult to the European tongue and ear to 
distinguish are also so to some extent to the native ear, or else vary 
considerably from place to place. Such are the aspirated letters and 
the semi-vowels, e.p., jhuri is sometimes spelt juri: gdhu is one form 
of the word ghcis, “ grass ” : suJchd is sometimes written suM : and 
Z, r, and d are frequently interchanged. 

Four specimen songs are given. These are sung at the 
fairs, of which every hamlet has, at least one, in the year in 
honour of its god. At such a fair the idol supported on a 
palanquin and decked with flowers is carried out of the temple and 
placed in the centre of the village green. The temple musicians 
take their stand by the idol and bray forth uncouth music from 
trumpets, drums and kettledrums, while the male villagers join 
hands, form a ring round the idol and musicians, and shout songs, 
dancing all the while to the accompaniment of the band. The 
favourite songs on these occasions are the love songs of Rilu and 
Musaini. The women, as a rule, take no part in these noisy revels, 
except to stimulate the dancers by their presence as spectators, seated 
in bright groups on steps built on the hillside above the green. The 
women, on the other hand, have their own merry-makings, as described 
in the notes to the song of Runjki, when the musicians are dispensed 
with, and it is the men who are present as spectators only : Dore ” 
and “ Runjki ” are specimens of the favourite songs at such gatherings. 

It is not of course only on festivals of the above sort that songs 
are sung. I have heard Musaini sung by a party of accused per¬ 
sons summoned in connection with a forest fire case, men, women and 
' boys, as they climbed the hillside on their way to attend Cou^t. 
Women hoeing or weeding in the fields or out rice planting lighten 
their labour, when several are working together, by accompanying 
it with a song. 


iv 


But the shepherd or the herd-girl out alone with sheep or cattle 
in the forest or on a dreary mountain side finds solace in the composi¬ 
tion and singing of the couplets, of which examples are given in the 
second part of the collection. They are sung at the top of the voice 
with a rude sort of melody, and the effect produced by a vocalist 
calling from one side of a deep glen and answered by a voice on the 
other side is striking and pretty. 

It is quite in accord with the nature of the mountaineers who 
inhabit these hills that a full half of the couplets in this collection 
relate to the tender sentiment. Both men and women are very 
susceptible of the passion of love,” according to the Kangra Settle¬ 
ment Report, and do wild things under its influence.” 

The couplets relating to every-day life give some insight into 
their feelings. The casual visitor to Kulu is apt to condemn them 
as indolent, and some justification of the charge might be based on 
the couplet which asks what is the good of working, after all, when 
the harvests are so dependent on the capriciousness of the weather^ 
But the people have no objection to work if there is something to 
work for in the way of wages.* They are born 'to the hateful toil of 
carrying burdens up the steep hillsides, and this is wittily assigned 
to their probable misconduct in a previous state of existence.t In 
one couplet (No, 75) the proverbial bad feeling between co-wives of 
the same husband is referred to. A little quiet growling against 
unpopular Government measures is to be found in certain verses. 
Some couplets contain chaff and counter-chaff of village against 
village generally based on puns on the names. A more sober vein 
of thought runs through the last ten or twelve of the collection ; these 
are peculiar to the portion of Saraj lying in the Satlaj Valley, the 
inhabitants of which take life! liidfe' sCri'ohsly than their neighbours 
on the banks of the Biasv^' ' > ' 


* Couplets, II, 66, 70. 
t „ „ 66. 


A. H. DIACK. 





Gf^A:M.3^^TIOA.Xj iTOTES- 


Tse peculiarities which distinguish the dialect from high Hindi 
will now be considered. The list does not by any means profess to 
be exhaustive^ but it may serve as a basis to assist future students of 
the tongue. It is based partly on the collection of songs and verses, 
following but chiefly on notes made by an officer during his tours in 
the Knlu Subdivision, and during the trial of cases in his Court, 
opportunities which, though most valuable, did not, owing to the 
routine of official work, allow of exhaustive linguistic research. 
The work would have been less imperfect had it been, as was 
originally intended, edited by the late Mr. Edw'ard O’Brien and 
published along with his proposed treatise on the Kdngra dialects at 
which be was at work at the time of his lamented death, The 
collection of the notes and couplets was commenced at bis suggestion, 
and it was due to bis kind encouragement that it was persevered in. 


Tankari alphabet as written in Kulu— 
Vowels (initiaL) 

A. 'Upper Bias Valley ; also . 
Lower Bias Valley and SavaJ"^ i 

E, U. B. V. Z ‘ 


L 6 

0 . 

u.^ 

K.rr 


L. B, V. and 


Qutturals. 


Kh. U. B. V. if-. 

L. B. V. and S, ^ 
G. U. B. V.^Jf • 

L. B, V. and S.TT 
Gh,V^ . 
jf . ^ . 


Consonants, 

Ch. 

CJth: 


Palatals i 
U. B. V.^G . 

L. B. V. and S.- 


B. V^jalso^ 

1L, B. V' and S. £ , 

{ U. B. V.*^ . 

Jh, ^ ^ — 

(l. B, V. and S. 

^■1 ■ 



Cerebrals 


Denials. 


2 


T. 

Z • 

T. U. B. y.3. 



L. B. y. and » 

Th. 

D. B. V.3 • 

Th. U. B. y.-^ ; also . 


L. B. V. andS.J . 

h. B. y. and 8.^ . 

D. 

U'B-V • 



L. B. V. and S. , 

' 

r.)h. 

V, B. v.a^;^. 

m, u. B. V. , 


h. B. V. and S. 

L. B. V. and , 

N. 

tt. B. V.’^ . 

N. . 0. B. y. ^ . 


L. B. V. and S. ^. 

B. B. V. and S.'J . 


Labials. 

Semi-voucls. 

P. 

u. B. y.I/3 

L. B. y. and S » 

y Ti ^ 

Ph. 

u. B. v.;^. 

R. U. B. V, ^ . 


In B, y. and S. ^ « 

L. B, y. and S. ^ , 

B. 

U. B. V, ^ . 
h. B. y. and S. 17 » 

L.(y. 

Bh. 

U. B. V.^ a 

V fa represented not as m Nagari 


L, B. y. and S; . 

by the letter B but bj the 
vowel U. Thus the sound Vd 

M. 

TJ. B. y. fl . 

or WA is spelt l/A, 


L, B. y. and » 

Sibilant. 


and Sh. D.B.Y.ff , 

L. B. V. and S. ,* 

(Only one letter is used for both sdjjnds and generally th© letter 
IS sounded cerebrally, tSh.) 

Aspirate. 

n. TJ B. V. ^ 

L.B. V. and S. * 


3 


/!«. )rC 

Ke.^ 




Medial and Final Vowels. 

(But this sign is very often omitted.) 

There is no distinction between i long and i short. 

Vowel Changes. 


^ It has been noted above that, generally speaking, in the more 
isolated valleys the pronunciation is broader than in those less re¬ 
mote from the plains. There is a tendency to lengthen short A into 
long A and to change A into 0 or even Z7. Thus han (forest) be¬ 
comes 6dn or more often hon : kdn (ear) is generally pronounced 
kon ' and iotnd (to throw) is replaced by shotmi or 6hu{nd„ 
Consonantal Changes, 


Final S is often interchangeable with final iff i as in bras or brdh 
(indifferently) == ^ rhododendron.’ Instead of the Hindi S the guttural 
KH is sometimes found, as in barkhd (rain). 

The change of the palatals into sibilants (or vice vend) is in¬ 
stanced in the word for “ white ” which in the Satlaj Valley is child 
as in the plains of the Punjab, but in the Bi^s Valley is ahetd, the 
word there being used to signify black.” (A. similar perplei^ity 

occurs in the words an4d and ddnah. The former means not an egg,” 
for which the latter word is used, but au earthen pot or gharrah). 

An instance of the interchange of a cerebral and a sibilant (or 
of the survival of a sibilant in place of the cerebral which has 
displaced it in Hindi) is found in beshnd used instead of haithnd 
(to sit). 

A palatal sometimes takes the place of a guttural as in chhet * 
(a field) for the Hindi khef. 

A tendency to separate the portions of an aspirated letter may 
b« noticed here, as in gdhu for gkda (grass) ; the word ghar (a house) 
is generally pronounced gwahar. 

The inversion of syllables for which all Hindus are notorious la 
carried to an e: 5 :cess among these mountaineers. An extreme instanc e 
of it is found in the word Kashmir which is a transformation of the 
name of the month Mdgsar or Mag sir. 

♦ Mr. Dames thint.9 this is direct from the Sanskrit kfhetra^ often pronounced 
pkheira. 




4- 


DiALECIIC PECGHAKITIES, 


The tendency to lengthen short A into long A and to change 
the latter into Oor U has been noted above under “ Vowel Changes.” 
In the case of the inflectible A final the substitution for it of 0 or 17 
is the rale and not merely a tendency : all past participles, for in¬ 
stance, end in U, U is the ordinary termination of nouns which in 
high Hindi terminate in and also of many nouns more or less 
peculiar to the dialect, it is also frequently added to a noun which in 
Hindi ends in a consonant, e.g., stdhnu (trowsers) for authan. 

^’he semi-vowels R and L and also the cerebral JP are practi¬ 
cally interchangeable in many words. 

Decwjtsion of Nouns, 


When the termination of the nominative singular is a coneoBant 
short A is added to it to connect the post-positions with it. When 
the termination is A, O, or U these vowels are changed into short A 
before the post-position. Nouns ending in any other vowel are nn* 
©hanged in the oblique form of the singular. 

The nominative plural is formed by adding the terminatioa -an. 
to the nominative singular if the latter ends in a consonant. If it 
ends in the vowel ~d -d, or -m the vowel is dropped before the addition 
of the -an : if in the vowel -e or -i the vowel is changed into “iy be¬ 
fore the ~dn. The oblique form of the plural to which the post-posi- 
iions are affixed is the same as the nominative plural. 

The following are the post-positions used in the formation of the 
oblique cases 

Genitive —Rl i fem. -Rf : plural -HE. 

Dative — in the Upper Bias Valley« 

-—LE in Saraj. 


Accusative 

Ablative 

Locative 

Agent 


—AN or -ANA (from). 
—d (in.) * 

—At GE. (boside). 
—NE. 



For purposes of comparison the ablative, in -ana is used, and the 
superlative degree is exemplified in the expression sahhana ahubhW' 
— the fairest.” 

* K.g., shm'dTchild *' fftllovr in the *:hnr</harvest (thatr) ' 





5 

Numerals. 

The only peculiarity in the cardinals is the use In Sar&j (not 
in the Upper Bias Valley) of chan, or sometimes chin, for tin (three). 

The ordinals are also normal, but for ” second " and third,” 
dujd, trijd are preferred, as in Punjabi, to dusvcl, tisrd. 

Elcsd (one only,) must not be confounded with eksau (one 
hundred), which, as pronounced by a Kulu man, it closely resembles. 

The ordinary peasant is rarely able to count above five, and 
when chainmen were appointed in connection with the laud revenue 
settlement, it was found necessary to instruct them in the numerals. 
Above five the numbers are expressed as so much short of or more 
than the nearest multiple of ten or twenty, e.g., char ham tin bis 
== 56. 

Pronouns. 

The first and second personal pronouns are declined as fol¬ 
lows :— 

First Personal Pronoun. 



Singular. 

Plural. 

Nominative 

Me or Mu 

Ham, Edme, or Asse. 

Genitive 

Merd 

Hamdrd, or Mhdrd, or Aaadnrd. 

Dative 

Mume 

Sause or Sume, 

Accusative 

Mu 

Asse, 

Ablative 

Mu-ana 

Bamana. 

Locative 

Mu-dge. 



Second Personal Pronoiin. 


Singular. ■ 

Plural. 

Nominative 

Tu or Thau 

Tusse or Turn. 

Genitive 

Terd 

Thamdrd or Tuaadnrd. 

Dative 

Tuve or Thauye 

Tussdnve. 

Accusative 

Tu 

Tusse. 

Ablative 

Thau-ana. 


The relative 

and interrogative pronouns may be shown to- 

gether 



Singular. 


Relative, 

Interrogative. 

Nominative 

Jo 

Kaun or Koni. 

Genitive 

Jis'Ord 

Kas-ard, Kah-ard or Kiji-rd, 

Dative 

Jis-ave 

Kiji-ve, ^c. 


6 


In tlie plural the formatives are jin^ and Ifctn- as in Hindi, 
with the usual post-positions. When the interrogative pronoun is 
used as a pronominal adjective preceding a noun, the form used in 
the oblique cases is kas- or Icob- . 

The neuter interrogative piououn corresponding to the kyd of 
Hindustani is hi, of which the dative (ki-ve, kiji-vs, or in Saraj ki-le) 
is used like kahe-ko as the equivalent for the English “ why/* 

The correlative pronoun (nominative so, genitive tis-ard, ^c.) 
is the same as in Hindi, except that the post-positions peculiar to the 
dialect are made use of. But this must not be confounded with the 
demonstrative pronouns, of which the proximate — “ this ” appears 
to be— 


Nominative 

Genitive 


Singular So, Se or 0. 
„ So-ard, §-c. 


and the remote = that ** appears to be— 

Nominative Singular Te. 

Genitive „ Te-ard or Tia-ard. 

Dative „ Tisa-va. 

Ablative „ Tisd. 

Plural, Tindn, 'Tindnrd, ^c. 

Pronominal Adjectives. 

The most important are— 

Jetard ‘ As much * { = Jitnd). 

Titrd ^ So much * (= Hind). 

Ketrd ‘ How much? ’ ( = Kitnd). 

Jehd, Jerd ‘ Like which,* ‘ as * ( = Jaisd). 

The Verb, 

The terminations of (1) the Infinitive, (2) the Imperfect Parti¬ 
ciple, and (3) the Perfect Participle are respectively_ 

(1) -nd. 

(2) -dd. 

( 8 ) -d. 


7 


The verba mama and harna, which form their perfect p articiplea 
irregularly in Hindi, are more regular in the Kulu dialect and give 
maru, Iceru. The infinitive of the latter verb is Tcernd. The verb “ to 
give ” is dhind not dend, and the perfect participle is dhinu, Gdu is 
the perfect participle of jand, being identical with the Hindi form 
except that u is substituted for the termination, -d. Nend is used for 
lend (to take), with the past participle neu. 

In conjugation the following peculiarities may be noted. 

The future (singular) is formed by adding the termination -Id 
(feminine -U) to the root : e.g , hold (it will be); herli (she will 
make) : nili (will take away). In the first person singular the 
termination -esdn is sometimes found. The termination of the first 
person plural is -nu : e.g., holnu, dekhm'i. 

The third persons singular of the present and past tenses of the 
verb “ to be ” {hand) are respectively— 

(1) ; also, less frequently and locally ash*. Negative 
forms neathi, neasti. 

(2) sd (feminine si). Negative form nisd. 

The latter is added to the imperfect and the perfect participles 
to form the imperfect and perfect tenses : e.g., herdd ad = (was 
doing); heru sd = (did): topu sd == (searched) ; herdd sd = (was 
seeing) ; heru sd = (saw). 

The formation of compound verbs is somewhat peculiar. While 
the second portion of the compound is conjugated in the usual way 
the first consists of the root with a euphonic -i added : e.g., mari-gau 
(he is dead) for margaya : mari-nathd is more commonly used in 
the Kulu dialect. Other examples are kholi-shetu, (let loose) : phuki- 
nathd (has been burnt down) : chutie-nathd (has escaped) : soi- 
heshnd (to lie down and sleep). Sometimes the order of the portions 
of the compound is inverted, and in this case the euphonic -t is 
omitted, e.g.. So gau mar (he is dead). 

The verb to come’’ is an interesting one— 

Infinitive End. 

Imperative Eje : sometimes Ije. 

Future Ejld, ejli. 

Imperfect participle Ejdd : also echhdd. 

Perfect participle Ejd from which is formed the past tense, 
eji sd (he has come) ; eji nisd (he has not come). 


8 


The verb lorna (to require) is used Impersonally in the third 
person singular of the aorist, lori, as equivalent to the Hindi chdhiye. 
‘ Ki lori^ ? (what do you want) ? ^ Mume hute lori’ (I want trees). 

^ Beihnd lori’ (you must sit down.) The verb is also employed in 
the ordinary way, e.g., asse hute lords ‘ we want trees,’ 

Deeivatives. 

The termination -dl is added to the name of a village or country 
to signify an inhabitant of the place, e.g., Mandidl (a native of 
Mandi) : Riipidl (a native of llupi) : Sdridl (a native of the village 
of Sari). 

The termination -aun is used to form collective nouns. It occurs 
most commonly in names of forests of particular kinds of trees, as — 

Chalaun (a pine forest) from chil = Finns longifolia. 

Kalaun (a deodar forest) from kelo (deodar). 

Kasaun (an alder grove) from hois (alder). 

Marhaun (an oak wood) from morhu (oak). It is also sometimes 
found with a verbal root as in khachaim from khuchnd. 

Adverbs. 

The following adverbs are made use of in place of the ordinary 
Hindi forms :— 

Ibhi (now) the Punjabi hun ” is also used. 

Jad (when). 

Tad (then). Tatitri also occurs. 

Aukhe (here) ; Aukhan (hence). 

Taukhe (there) ; Taukhan (thence). These are the forms 
employed in the Upper Bias Valley, but in Saraj they are replaced 
by ithe, ithan, tithe, tithan. 

Similarly, the relative and interrogative adverbs of place, 
“ where ” and “ where ” ? are in the Upper Valley jaukhe and kaukhe 

and in Saraj jithe and kithe. The correlatives ‘‘ there.where ” 

are in the former locality tihun . jihun and in the latter teu . 

jait. 

Ainds (thus). 

Kadi (ever). 

Uij (yesterday). 





9 


Dothi (to-morrow) or (to-morrow morning). From meaning 
“early ” the words tarhe andjishd are also used in the latter sense, 

Sand ; also sanj (in the evening), 

Heso (this year). 

Kath or leaf he (together). 

Ware, ore, or ure (on this side) : also as an adverb of time 
meaning since, e.g., Sihhdnre wdran ore (since the time of the 
Sikhs). 

Pare (on the opposite side). 

IVe or ni is the negative word with a verb. 

TJjhe (above). Bunh (below). These are the words used in the 
Bias Valley: towards the Satlaj they are replaced by gish (above) 
and tol (below). 

Chhehhe (quickly). 

Nearly all the above adverbs have dative and ablative forms 
e.g,, ujheve (upwards), bunhana (from below). 

Peepositions. 

The following prepositions which are in common use are deserv¬ 
ing of notice. The noun preceding them is put in the formative 
and not in the genitive case :— 

J'ge (before,>eside, in front of), e.g., mu-dge (beside me); rdjd^ 
dge (before the king). 

Sanghe (along with), e.g., teri auratd sanghe (with your wife). 

Jehd (like). Musal-jehd (like a threshing club). 

Ghati (without). 

Tilcar (until). 

Manje (in the middle of), e. g., chhetd-manje (in the middle of 
the field). 

Phetd (after), e.g., tadand pheta (after that time). 





SONGS AND COUPLETS AND SAYINGS CURRENT IN 
THE KULU SUBDIVISION OP THE KANGRA 
DISTRICT IN THE PUNJAB. 


12 


PART I.-Songs. 


I. The Song of Do-re— 


Do-re, Do-re, tu mdmu-ri * hhedi chari di, meri Do- re, 
Do-re : 

Do-re, Do-re, Kali Kandur chari di, meri Do-re, Do-re : 
Do-re, Do-re, dudherd^ dugarwf lei di meri Do-re, Do-re : 
Do-re, Do-re, jangaveX suthnuf lei di meri Do-re, Do-re : 
Do-re, Do-re, hathave% hangnu lei di meri Do-re, Do-re. 

Translation. 


Your uncle’s sheep you came to herd, Do-re, my own : 

To black Kandur’s mountain you came to herd, Do-re, 
my own: 

A cup of milk you brought, Do-re, my own : 

And for your legs gained clothing fine. Do-re, my own : 
And for your hand a bangle, Do-re, my own. 

r" il. The Song of Runjke— 

Ndchdi lagi, Runjke, ndchdi lagi : 

Darti heshe, Runjke, darti heshe : 

Meri heshi dd naye, Runjke, heshi dd naye : 

Me to beshdi lagi, Runjke, heshdi lagi : 

Tu tu khari pdi uthi, Runjke, khari pdi uthi : 

Mere uthi dd naye, Runjke, uthi dd naye 
Tuve kangnu denu, Runjke, kangnu denu : 

Mu ta bdlu lori, Runjke, bdlu lori. 

The above is a favourite song at the Ohitrali, ” or the nights of 
the month of Chetar, when it is customary for the women of Kuln to 
meet together and dance on the village green. The men merely look 
on and do not join in the merriment. The women dance to the 
music of their own voices only, and each song or air has a dance- 
accompanimenfc peculiar to itself. To sing Runjke ” two lines are 

formed, facing each other as choir and anti-choir : each one in the 
me crosses her arms behind her back and in that position clasps the 
hands of^ her neighbours on either side. One line represents the 
man who is making proposals to his mistress: the other represents the 
woman. As the one line sings it advances and the other retreats : ' 
and the sitting and rising referred to in the song are acted by the 

S!Tnri*AT*a 


* The Kulu genitive in ra ri. ---- 

apaUof Htadi, nptabi, 

( = Euthru), aud in ending in a consonant, as in the above sulhnu 

t The Knln dative in »e, connected b, a short a with a nonn ending in a consonant. 








IS 

Translation. 

I am going to dance,” says Runjke, am going to 
dance ” : 

Sit down (with me), Runjke, sit down with me” ; 

I have no wish to sit,” says Runjke, “ I have no wish to 
sit ” : 

But I will sit with you,” says Runjke, I will sit with 
you ” : 

‘‘You are getting up already, Runjke, you are getting up 
already ” : 

“ I have no wish to get up,” says Runjke, “ I have no 
wish to get up ” : 

“ I will give you a bangle, Runjke, I will give you a 
bangle ” : 

“ But I want a nose-ring,” says Runjke, “ I want a nose¬ 
ring ”: 

Me is the nominative and Mu the formative singular of the first 
personal pronoun, 

Tuve, more commonly thauve, the dative of the second personal 
pronoun (singular). 

The meaning of the last two verses of the song will be clear 
when it is explained that the kangnu or bangle is worn by unmarried 
girls as well as by married ones, whereas the hdlu or gold nose-ring 
is the mark of a married woman. 

III.—-The Song of Rilu— 

Ekne Idnu, Riluyd, durd pdrld drd; 

Shdhd shukd, juriye, muhu phird heriye kdld, 

Chiti chadri ganthi bdne tamdkhu : 

Tuti pdritie hard dsard rdkhu. 

Chile chalaune shoti kungue duki: 

Teri tain, Rilud, ghar ni^d kajiyd mukt : 

Rilue, chdwri kadi na lagdd dhupd, 

Chal pardesdle, terd merd kajiyd chukd. 

Gddd ghardte chhali pdi dhupe : 

Juri, deunu milde jogi hardgiye rupe. 

Jogi holu hardgiyd, teri mundra hari, 

Teu deun deshdle, jait kadi na mari. 

Translation. 

One brought, Rilu, his love from afar ; 

Her heart-fountain dried, my love, o’er her face fell the 
black tear. 

A knotted white sheet with tobacco tied in it: 

From blighted love much ill results. 

In the pine forest cast away is the cosmetic stick : 

On account of thee, Rilu, at home there is ceaseless 
quarrelling. 


Rilu, in the upper balcony the sun is never felt. 

Come to another land and thy quarrel and mine is at ah 
end. 

At the mill in the glen the maize is laid in the sun, 

Love, let us go together, disguised as jogi and hardgi. 

The jogi said to the hardgi, “ Thy emerald* ear-ring, 

“ Thither let us go to the land where thou never shalt die.” 

Notes.— This song is in the dialect spoken in Outer Saraj, the 
portion of the Kulu Subdivision bordering on the Satlaj; and is 
very popular in that tract. 

Shukd, So written and pronounced : properly suhhd (dry). 

Ghiti (white) as in Punjabi. In the Bias Valley shetd is 
used for - white ” and chitd means black. 

Ji'sar (importance). 

Chalaune. Ablative of chalaun, a collective noun formed from chil 
(a pine, finus longifolia) . Similarly, halaun (a deodar forest) from helo 
(a deodar tree): kasaun (an alder grove), from koi8.{a,n alder): marhaun 
(an oak grove), from mohru (an oak, quercus excelsa) : and other words. 

Shoti. ^ Nominative singular, feminine of the perfect participle 
from shotnd or shetnd, to throw. 

Kungue duki. The stick with which the red tika mark is made 
on a girl’s forehead. 

Teri-tain (for thy sake). 

J^isd (is not) ; ni, the negative and sd (is). 

(quarrelling). 

C/iawn (the protruding wooden balcony constructed round the 
third storey of a Kulu house). Ghdwri is properly applied to the 
planks forming the flooring of the balcony: the ivhole structure, 
which is generally planked iii with upright planks, is called phirki 
in the Bias Valley and bdiaii on the Satlaj side in Saraj. 

Kadi (over) : the Hindustani “ kahhid' 

Pardesdle. From pardes: the Saraj form of the dative. 

Gddd ghardfe, ^c. Refers to the common spectacle in the hills 
of maize cobs spread out in the sun to ripen : they are plucked before 
they are quite ripe from dread of injury being done them by bears. 

Deunu, Deun (the aorist), from deind (to go). 

Mundra (the thick large green ear-ring worn by jogis ). 

Deshdk Saraj form of the dative, from desk (country). 

Tm~~jait (there—where). 


15 


IV.—The Song of Musaini— 

Kile tan hie Musainie, tindn chedudnde papa, ddrie ? 

Kile tan dei-i tindn hulide dere, ddrie ? 

PhuU jdndd phulni bhar phuldd held ddrie, 

Dehhi tan lend Musainie tind Siphe re mele, ddrie. 

TJndhe terd. Simla, uje Segru hati, ddrie. 

Rdj hi gayd Pharangidd, tu tan shotjii hatni, ddrie. 

Pore tail boli Simla, unde holni Jahlid, darie. 

Simla de nauhari, ghar jogi ne rahhi, ddrie. 

Jahhd, tan lagi bijli, lagi dhingue jhamdha, ddrie, 

Dasard deun dhagald, deun bisadd baldh, ddirie. 

Pdji tail rahne Musaini boli Simla bajdr ddrie. 

This song is sung of a girl of the Simla District and is in the 
dialect spoken in the portion of Kulu which borders on Simla : but 
it is popular throughout Kulu, and the air is very pretty. 

Translation. 

[The husband adjures his unfaithful wife to return to him.] 

Why have you worked, Musaini, these children (such) 
wrong ? 

Why have you gone to the coolies’*quarter ? 

The flower knows to blossom, the full blooming plantain. 
Come and see, Musaini, the Siphi Fair. 

Below is your Simla, above is the Segru shop. 

The English rule is come or 1 would kill you. 

Beyond is Simla, here is Jakha. 

Service in Simla, and at home no wife. 

There is lightning on Jakha, on the hill-top it is flashing. 
I will give you a ten rupee bangle, I will give you a 
twenty rupee baldh, 

Stop content Musaini in the Simla bazaar. 

Kile. Dative of the neuter interrogative pronoun. 

Tindn. Nominative (and formative) plural from the third per¬ 
sonal pronoun 

Chedu (child). 

Ddri (a term of endearment to a woman). 

Dei-i from deind (to go). 

Jogi used, curiously, for jo (a wife). 

The following couplets also relate to Musaini:— 

Shimli lagi bijli, lagd dhingue jhamdha. 

Kadaru hud, Musainie, do nen hd mildpd. 

Shimld hajdrddi chhote bihte dabu. 

Ghite Idge, Musainie, Chhote Shimle he hdbu. 

More Shimld, pore Shegru hdti. 

Moti gai mengi, gai tolari gdti. < 


Translation. 

There is lightning at Simla, it flashes on the hill-top. 
Truly you are, Musaini, the attraction of my two eyes. 

In the Simla bazaar little boxes are sold. 

The clerks of Chhota Simla are in love with you, Musaini. 
On this side Simla, on that the Shegru shop. 

Pearls are dear, (though) they are light of weight. 


1. TJdri 8arsei, pare Baregrdndn, \sic : for the metre]. 

Jhuri chuti hui tuhru, jindd rahu hahi na nd-dn. 

On this side Sarsei (village), on that Baregran : 

Our love is torn in pieces, alive remains nor scrip nor name. 

Note.— Rahu. Nominative singular of the perfect participle : 
-u corresponding to the -a of Hindi. 


2. Khdrhe vasen LdhuU, Dhdlpur Sardji ; 

Desk pariutd merie Jhurie, nahin rahi jineri hdji. 

Let the Lahulis live in Akliarha, the Sarajis in Dhalpur; 

The world is spoilt for me, my love, there remains no 
object for living. 

Note. —The first verse is one of the stock rhymes of Knlu. At 
the great Dusera or Dasmi Fair the people from Saraj attend with 
their gods and encamp beside the great plain called Dhalpur where 
the fair is held : while at the same time (September or October) a 
number of people from Laliul have come down to their winter 
quarters in the neighbouring Kulu bazaar called Akharha. 

Jineri Genitive of the infinitive of Jina (to live). 

Bdji, probably a corruption of wajh. 

3. Pare Simla, are bolnd Phdgu : 

Eksd jdni-ve sard Simla Idgu. 

Ou that side Simla, on this Phagu : 

All Simla is in love with one woman. 

Note. — Ehsd (one only). 

Jdni-ve. Dative oijdni. 

4. Fragment of a song 

Jindi meri, phuM teri. 

While I live I am thine. 

Note,—( life, soul). 






17 


5. Ujhe Nagard, hunhd Jcoishd huhld, 

Chhori di jhiiri, ’mhdri jijuriphuld. 

Above is Nagar^ below is the brook running through the 
alders : 

He has flung away my love, the flower of my life. 

Note. — Ujhe (above) ; hiinh (below). 

Mhdri for hamdri : cf. thamdri for tumhdri. 

G. Bxinhe shahr, njhe Behhli joni : 

Adh ghari beshd'i nahin, ejd kijive honi ? 

Below is the city, above is the rock of Bekhli : 

You don’t stop quarter of an hour, whatever did you come for? 

Note. — Joni, Jon, or Jdn (a rock). 

Beshnd (to sit). 

Ejd. Perfect participle of the verb to come.” The present 
participle is echhdd. 

Kijive. Dative of the interrogative pronoun. “ For what ? ” 

7. Jot teri chdndni, manjd sargd dubi; 

Teri lani patll jkiirive dasdnre Hazard khubi. 

There is bright moonlight but we are liidden in the long grass : 
Your fair slender sweetheart is beautiful in the eyes of many. 

'Note.— -Jhurive. Dative of jhuri Move’ (in both senses of the 
word, ‘‘sweetheart” or ‘affection).’ 

Dasdnre. A curious form, from das (ten), seemingly a genitive 
plural. 

8. Ure Nagard, pore dugard Jdnd : 

Tere bdghard gdmbru koni andard khdnd ? 

On this side Nagar, on that side Jan.-i of the rock : 

How shall I partake of the fruit of your gardeu ? 

Note. — Dugard, bdghard. Examples of the Kulu genitive. 

Koni. From the interrogative pronoun, kon or kaun. 

9. Hiund khuld bddld, sund gain sohdgd ; 

Joird jhumku kos knmurkh-dge ? 

In snow dissolves the cloud, gold is melted with borax: 

To what scoundrel has ray wife’s ear-ring fallen ? 

Note. —Hiund (snow: also winter). 

Gain. Nominative singular masculine of the perfect participle 
from galnd (to melt). 





18 


Joi»rd, Genitive ofy'oi (wife). 

Jhumku means (I) the pendant of an ear-ring; (2) a cluster of 

flowers. 

Kumurkh’dge. Age is used as a postposition^ meaning “ by,’^ 
beside.” Mu-dge = Mere pas. 

10. 8hwdru hirave bharphuU hoe ; 

Manerd hahnd mane raJchni, hun di rali hoive. 

On the edge of the field flowers are sown : 

What is told to a man he should keep to himself, then may 
we manage to meet. 

Note.—/S'/ iuurM (a field). 

Birave. Dative of hir (the border of a field), generally a 
sloping bank or a wall in the crevices of which flowers grow. 

Manerd. Genitive of ma,nu (a man). 

Hun (the Punjabi word for “now”). Ihhi [ivom ah ?) is more 
commonly used in the Kulii dialect. In this case the sense is rather 
“ then, in that event.” 

11. Ehi hatha chatri, duje hatha kajele data ; 

Dure pare pachhendrd, kanjri randird chdld. 

In one hand an umbrella, in the other hand a fine cloak; 
From far on the other side you may recognise the wanton 
widow’s gait. 

12 . Assdnri tussdnri durari pdrari hui ; 

Tusse tori hdghard hhaur, asse lori tdlrti ri kuhi. 

My ways and yours are far apart; 

You seek the flower of the garden, I seek the wild white 
rose. 

13. Kolari kindri dundu pakhnu chdhi ; 

Ydr sutejhurire hoslen, thanen hatharu Idi. 

The bee in the blossom, resting on the opening petal : 

The lover asleep his head in his loved one’s lap, his hand 
in hers. 

Note.— Pakhnu (petal). 

14. Nerari jhurid, ghari ghari rd meld ; 

Durari jhurid, Iambi sardli kd pherd. 

When one’s love is near every half hour is a feast of joy ; 
When one s love is far away, ’tis like a long snake’s coil. 

Note.— iVemr{, Durari. Genitives from ner (near) and dur (far). 
Sardl, sardli (a snake). 





19 


15. i^ir paru kanghie, kanghi pahari rupa\'; 

Munh sukha ghar hi lari ki sothi, pairen jalen hdlure dhupd. 

Comb the head with silver on the comb; 

]\ly mouth is dry with thinking of the girl of the house; 
my feet burn with the reflection of the heat from the sand* 


16. Asse ware, tusse nadire pare ; 

Tiodr ne lagdi tihun, nadi ne langdi bhduri. 

I am on this side and you are on that of the river ; 

There is no rope bridge to cross by, and the stream is not 
one to be crossed by swimming. 

Note. — Tihun (a rope swung across a river for loads of grass 
and wood to be pulled across along it. When the rope is strong a 
man or woman can be pulled across seated in a noose depending 
from it. 


17. tione-rd skin, siri sdfd rd dhdgd ; 

Dureri jhurid jehdn mdhur-rd Idgd. 

A needle to sew with, a thread from my head-dress; 
Like absence from one’s love is the touch of poison. 

Note. —Jehdn ov jehd (like). The Hindustani jaisd. 


18. Phuli hdphri dekhd dekhdre balen ; 

Chish ne rajdi chullu pdnie, Jhuri ne rajdi galen. 

The wild flowers have blossomed in the crevices of the field 
banks; 

Thirst is not satisfied ^Yith a draught of water, love is not 
satisfied with words. 

Note. —Dekh (the bank separating two field terraces: gener¬ 
ally built up with stones). 

Chullu (the two hands held together to form a drinking cup). 


19. Udre Chhdki, pdre Bardyrdn 

Lokd boldni jhuri chutie nathi, jhuri rd bahi na nd~dn, 
Sabhin shobhld teri konere bale : 

Ekdve Ukhu kalmi, hordve chhiri re ddlii. 

On this side Chhaki, on the other Baragran : 

People say our love has ceased to be : nor note nor name of 
love (is left). 

Fairest of all are your ear-rings : 

One man’s fate is written with a pen,*an other’s with a piece 
of stick. 






20 


Chutie nnihd. Nathci is used as the equivalent of gayd in 
Hindustani^ e.g., mari-nathd (he is dead). 

Sahhin or Sabhana. The ablative of sah (all), 

Shohhld or ShAihhld — Beautiful (of a person or view) : sweet 
(of, fruit, &c.). 

Konere. Nominative plural of the genitive of hon or kdn (ear). 
hkdve, Florave. Datives of ek and hor (aur), one ” and “ other.” 


20. Mdhun matie hhejdi, hhauhru hhejd 
Tdle kunj'l rd blieti. 

Don't send a bee : send a hornet 

To be the recipient of the lock and key (of my heart). 


21. Chhotd shaloitu, lame bhederd tandd 

Bdum phernu dhdke dd ddehnu, tii phere juta de banda, 

A little shepherd, a long string of sheep : 

[ will turn the reaping hook at my waist, turn you the 
strings of your coil qf hair (i.e., in the direction wo 
must go to meet, without others knowing of it). 

Ildum, sometimes hdmi, used for the nominative singular of 
the first personal pronoun. 

Jutii, The long tail into which the Kulu women twist their 
hair (helped with cotton thread) and which is worn either hanging 
down the back or coiled on the top of the head with a tiny cap 
coquettishly tied to it. Banda (the loose hair or string at the cud 
of the pig-tail). 

22. Udre Jagatsukhard nagru, pare boln SkaBaid : 

Hunhe-ve gin. ho ten jhuvi hevij herie jind, 

On this side is Jagatsukh's town, opposite is Shaliu ; 

Youi* sweetheart 1 saAv going down the hill, the mere si-^ht 
of her IS a ]oy. 

Bunh (below) : btmheve (the dative) “downwards.” 

Bernd [to qqq) jhind (to rejoice). 


23 . 


Bunhe 1) Lid rd , ujhe b()lu Oackdul ; 

Deshan ugli vime jhurie, kahare chorhen pdnl? 


Below is Dwarji, above is Dachani ; 

My sweetheart is rejected of the country side, to 
shall I hand her over ? ^ 


whom 




21 


Deshan. -An or -ana is the termination of the ablative, corre¬ 
sponding to -se. 

Kahare (of whom). The genitive of the interrogative pronoun 
kaun or kon is Kasard or Kahard. 

Chorhen (top-knot: ‘‘on whose top-knot shall I cast her?”). 

24. Chitari chddru, dori charni chiydn : 

JhiiH nahathi Mandi-ve, assdn rahni kiydn ? 

A cotton sheet, worsted threads woven in it: 

My mistress has gone to Mandi, how am I to live ? 

Chitari. Genitive of chit (cotton cloth). 

Dori (worsted). 

Nahathd, nahathi is nearly always used instead of gaya, even 
•in compounds such as margayd, “ mari nahatha.” 

25. Ghher chdwri, chdpard shiitni gati : 

Burd lussdn hujhnd nahin, assdn dund hati. 

A step on the balcony floor planks, a pebble thrown on the 
roof. 

Don’t upbraid ; 1 shall come back again. 

Chduri. The Kulu house consists of a ground-floor used as a 
cattle shed, a first floor room used as a granary, and round the 
second floor story runs a verandah, the floor of which consists of 
large broad planks supported by props jutting out from the walls. 
This floor is known as the chdwri. The verandah is generally 
covered in with vertical planks which with the gable of the roof 
above make it weather proof ; it is then called phirki in Kulu and 
hdlan or hdran (indifferently) in Outer Saraj. 

Shutni, Shetni (to throw). 

Btijhnd {to knoyv, ascertain, think). Common in ordinary con¬ 
versation in Kulu though in Hindustani not much used except in the 
phrase jdn-hnjhke. 

20. Sand shahrd, dothi halo rd gerd : 

Mhdri jahdneri lafz, ghare Denthird derd. 

At evening in the town, in the morning a hole in the sand : 

Upon my word, my house is a hermit’s hut. 

[The above is the reply of a man to the entreaties of a woman 
whom he tries to evade by asserting that he has nothing to give 
her], 




22 


Sand. Dative of san (evening). 
Dothi (morning) : bdlo (sand). 
Denthi (a religious mendicant). 


27. Outhu hati, guthud niktd lahu : 

Dhdl talvodri-rd ghdyal thord, jhuri-rd ghdyal hahu. 

When the finger is cut from the finger runs blood : 

At shield and sword play the wounded are few, the victims 
of love are many. 

28. Phul phule, phal phaldd ddnd : 

Nishti rakh dnkhi di nazar, ki log hharam khdnti. 

The flower blossoms, the fruit ripens and the grain : 

Low keep your eyes’ glance, lest people suspect. 

29. Pitli kijdjiri, hingri-rangi hut nadi : 

Nain mili hahiit hahut, chhati mildi kadi. 

A brass hookah, vari-coloured was its stem ; 

A glance one gets often and often, an embrace only some¬ 
times. 

30. Ore Nagard, pore holi Dachdni: 

Nawijhuri ne chungnd, jhuri hhali piirdnt. 

Here Nagar, opposite Dachani : 

Don’t seek a new love, the old love is the best. 

31. Ore shahrd, pore bdlo-rd gerd : 

Dahine achhari sonkd, te lamhe jutu-rd pherd. 

Here the town, opposite it the sands : 

A wink of the right eye and a toss of the long pig-tail. 

Bdlo rd gerd. Of. couplet No. 1 . 

Achhari. Genitive (feminine) from dchh (eye). 

Jutu. See note to couplet No. 21. 

32. Ore Thipri, pore holi Maroli : 

Jhuri nathi teri marid, thauru herid roll 

Here Thipri, opposite is Maroli : 

^iathi...marid. Cf. note to couplet No. 24. 
fiend. Cf. note to couplet No. 4. 

Roll, Future from rond (to weep). 









23 


33. Oahu lundi, gdhu hhdu kaleshd : 

Gdhu de dignd, gappd mdrdi heshi. 

Cutting grass, a pheasant ate the grass : 
Let the grass alone, and talk to me. 


34. Chaldi pdni chah-mak kari, baithd pdni nir : 

Ang maldwd jah kah karo, nain maldiod nir. 

Running water flashes in the sunlight, still water is dark • 
An embrace you get only nowand then, a glance at any time. 
Cf. No. 29. 

35. Goru teri gharthd, ser loird hijd : 

Ten patU jhurird kaun kerld dijd? 

A corn-mill working only half the year, out of gear at 
present: ^ 

Yonr slender mistress who will trust ? 


36. Baghd handara malh, hdghd hdhird geru : 

Noe pdrld dhupard tain hi dnhari kern P 

Within the garden the white flowered shrub, outside the 
garden red ochre : 

Of the sunshine across the river what proof have you ? 
Mdlti = Aganosma Hoxhurghii. 

Dhupard. Genitive from Dhup. 

Keru. Past participle of the verb karnd^^ (to do). 


37. Nathd hiund, di hdstariti; 

Ddrijali, nathd rdjd ri ckdliari : 

Randi phdpshi hhiti. 

Gone is the winter, come is the spring : 

Sorrow of sorrows, he went on the raja’s service ; 

His widow seeking him finds but the wall. 

The four seasons {rit) are :— 

Hiund (winter), the word also means snow. 

Bdst (spring). 

Banjdl (summer). 

Shnir (autumn). 

Dari jali. Lit. “ beard burnt,” an exclamation of sorrow. 
Phdpshnd (to feel with the hands). 






24 


38. Pdrd Chahaurd, wdrd Shari Talori ; 

Jab ejd sd jhuri rd ydd, tab phut dharti hai, maut lorl. 

On that side Chahaur, on this Shari Talori : 

When the memory of my love comes (to me), then the earth 
gives way beneath me, I want to die. 

Eja. Past participle of the verb “ to see,’^ 

89. Nadi de hindrd ghar chind, china bdio H hot : 

Avd Jdind to chor diyd, kdgaz bai pdu trot ? 

A house built on the bank of a stream, a structure built of 
sand ; 

Our coming and going have ceased ; but cannot a letter be 
sent ? 


40. LdL hai guldl hai, zard hai dopatd : 

Nazar bhar dekh le, mnndd kapatd. 

Red is the hoU powder, yellow is her head-dress : 
Look well at her, trust her not, you foolish youth. 

41. Ldl hai guldl hai, zard hai jawdni : • 

Nazar bhar dekh le, ndr hai begdni. 

Red is the hnli powder, yellow is youth : 

Look well at her and doubt her, she is another’s wife. 


42. Joi parai hi khae nahin karne bhdwd ; 

Mundku nih bairi, magaru lagu kdwd, 

Joi pardi kd hawd nahin chhordd bhdwd : 

Mundku dend kdtni bairi, nahin chhordd bhdwd. 

She .—-Don’t have anything to do with another’s wife, love : 
An enemy will carry off your head, behind you a 
crow IS waiting. 

He .—My passion is unquenchable, love : 

Let the enemy cut off my head, it ceases not love. 
Nili. Third person singular future. 

43, Urle dhagard bandru porle dhagard guni : 

Adhi rati rnilu supne, charen phanisi kuni. 

Urle dhagard bandru, porle dhagard hind: 

Adhi rati mill supne, bhiti ti surarh dind. 


She : On this cliff a monkey, on the opposite cliff a langur • 
^ w“n sides I felt a 


“enkey, on the opposite cliff a musk- 







25 


Dhagara, Genitive o£ dhag which means a cliff but not quite 
so sheer a precipice as is meant by the word dhankh, 

Phamsi. Cf. No. 37^ phdpshnd. 

Ulna or Dhind, and not dend is the common Kulu word {or “ to 

44, Chiri haifhi dharti, ddl slndhie chuhu : 

N'ihiche dhun hahni, phiri na dahe jhnku. 

A bird settled on the ground ; it shook a blade of grass. 

Sit down quietly and talk ; another time don’t bo alarmed. 

45. Bhagi titard, kiiht Ingni khuri ; 

An harobari okti nahm, hind parttie jknri. 

Away went the partridge, the green pigeon’s tracks re¬ 
mained : 

Bread without any change is not pahitable, nor is a union 
without love. 

An (grain), andj. 


46. ChundibirajUi dori tan phete manu nahtn hujlnil hori. 

She braids her hair ; after that she thinks of none bnt one. 

47. Silu harehie kati bon hrdheri koi : 

Tufie nahin cJiihann hiidi kahddi ri joi. 

At Silu the woodman cuts wild rhododendron for charcoal : 

I will have nothing to do witli yon, the wife of a man who 
is always in court. 

Barehi (v>ood-cutter) . 

Bon — Ban (forest). 

Brdherr. Genitive of Brdh or Bras (rhododendron). 

48. Qihun gagre, jauhare lage jardke : 

Nahin thominde hdli judni re dhahke. 

The wheat is still green, the barley is being reaped : 

He fears nothing, he is full of youth. 

49. Sdwan harkhe, hij'li chhamke pag dhare, 

Bachhan ki hadhi diidr khadi. 

Ilachhi kari sajan ji, rakhu adar hdu : 

Phir tu npne ghar ko j'do, hamdrd nahin lagtd ddu. 

Be : —In the pouring rain and the lightning flashes my steps 
have been taken (hither) ; 

Keep your promise and come to the door. 

She :—Well done lover, dear, you have got your welcome ; 
Now you can go home, I am not coming. ' ^ 





50. Pore Nagar, ore Ghordrord : 

Nawi Idni ho vahhi rahi sanhh'd, furdnie mam viarora. 

On this side Nagar, opposite Ghordror : 

No heart left to take a uew love ; the old love turns away 
her face. 


51. Puna Paid, ufe Paid paure : 

Sohri hdlde dhupd ore. 

Below, Rjlla,: above the Rala staircase-path : 
I waited for ray girl till the snn went down. 

Sohri or Shori (girl). 


52. Supahuniri vgli, Karmigche dudr led kdpu : 

Age Idu hhang hharahrd, piehlie ejli dpu. 

The medicine of Snpaknn, tlie herbs of Karangclia cave ; 
Let her first take hhang to drink and then site will come 
nnaided. 

Snpaknn is a lofty mountain with excellent pasture for sheep 
its summit, but its sides are extremely rocky and precipitous. 

EjlL Third person singular feminine of the future of the verb 
to come.” 


53. Supnkun ki Jikfl, Khande Dhdr led khedu : 

'fuse shot ghar lasnd, ham shotii charne hhedn. 

Supakun’s medicine, Khande mountain’s flowers: 

Leave yon your home life, 1 have left oft herding sheep, 

Shotnd — Chhnrnd (to abandon). 


54. Char panidrni, char tramhs di hdi : 
Hutu herd milne, chhdii jdlni di. 
Kvtu nahin herdd, kulu hhedn shaloi : 


Gape de digne tuse lokari jui. 


She: — Fom- women drawing water, four copper vessels : 
The dog .saw us meet, I burn with feai'. 

Be .-—The dog is not looking, the dog is minding the sheep • 
Don’t you mind what people say my dear. * 

Herd. Past pari' 


Herdd. Present 



Skaloi, Cf. shaloitu (a little shepherd) in No. 21. 





27 


55. Khord khdiye hatheru gale kale : 

Jhuri ti launi eje Baswdrari ndle. 

With eating walnuts my hands are black : 

Come a-sweetbearting to the Baswar g]en. 

llalheiu. Genitive of hdfk (the baud). 

Jjje. ISeeond person plural iii.[>oiativo of the verb to come.” 


56. Pkiile nian/hie hhar pkiilu khanord : 

Te Id nahni ejd! te id hhale hai hord. 

Ill the middle of the flowers has blossomed the horee 
chestnut: 

You come no niore, jou have fouml another lover. 

Khanor, The horse chestnut. 

l^dL Present participle feminine of the verb to come.” 


57. ]_)hiufh'i dikhn 'pd.m hhardne dtve : 

Jjokare gdhru jkurt ehari kite! 

Filling the pitclier with water at the spring: 
A beardless youth gone a-coiirtiiig already! 


58. Hi/ saddu hi/ live nahln du ? 

Ilhate mdsherd thaltu nldsne hhdu. 

Idiri dduli hivgale ravgeri fohi ; ' 

lidtb chhari chauki, dhdri chhadi darohi, 

Mere ko gal nahtn hoi. 

QfiQ .—Yesterday I summoned you; yesterday why came you 
not ? 

The dish of rice and meat I ate in tears alone. 
j]q .—A wooden staff with a crooked, coloured handle ; 
Watch kept by night, enemies abroad by day, 

I could not come. 

Hij (yester.lay). 

Kivo. Dative of/a (who, what?) 

Hiiignle rangeri, Cj. couplet No. 29. 


n9. Adhe lari gehne, ddhe tarni tape : 

Char jab due bole kaure, jhuri chiith dpe. 

Half the way in the water, half the way stepping stones : 
Four words spoken harshly and love will end. 





28 


60. Hatird sutru, mundh binne gan : 

KUijhuri nahin laiini hi-i laun 'i umhard hhari. 

Hindu Rajeri kanjri, Mohan Ldlari 'pari : 

Ki-ijhuri chvtli heshiye, M clivtli marl. 

Cotton tliread from the shop, wound on a reel; 
Either love not at all, or love all life long. 

The Hindu Raja’s dancing girl, Mohan Lal’a fairy : 
Successful love ends only with death. 


61. Utire Bdshth, pare holu (hishdld, 

luin hold hojhurie nianeri hvjlmttdld ? 

Udre Koshld, pare, garhd Mandli: 

Kun holt maneri hvjhniidli ? 

She:—On this sideBashth (or Bashist), on the other Gushal, 
Who is there who knows my heart’s choice ? 

He On this side Koshla, beyond is the fort of Manali: 
AVhat woman is there who knows my heart ? 

Note.—A large number of the Kulu couplets are connected, 
like the above, with names of villages, not because they have any 
special application to the villages, but because the names afford 
convenient rhymes. 

JJuId huU are the masculine and feminine forms of the future 
sincnlar of the verb ” to be.” 

J/'tnri signifies both 'Csweetiieart’’ and 'Move.” 


She .— 
He .— 


62. Udre Shunt, gardintu, pdre hula Barord, 

Dhoni sanghe nahin Jhurl Idni, Dhoni nahin chhungdd mard. 

On this side the hamlet of Shnru, on the other Barora, 

Don’t liave a Dhoni for a lover: a Dhoni may not touch the 
dead. 

(A Dhoni is a high caste man who has a low caste mistress, but 
refrains from eating with her, and so retains his caste. The couplet 
is advice given to a low caste woman: she should not have a lover 
who would be unable to j.'erform her last rites). 

(with, along with), is always msed in the Kniu dialect 
instead of sdtlt or sang. 




29 


PART Il.—Couplets relating to every-day life and occupations. 

63. Chita topru chdndird Iduni phulen : 

Totd viaina jaisi ahli thi, kdgd-jere hhiilen. 

A black cap with silver pins stuck in it ; 

The parrot and the 77iai)ja have some sense^ but you have 
forgotten like a crow. 

Chitd means black ” in the Kulu dialect, “ White ” is shetd. 

Topru, diminutive from topii, the round black cap, somewhat 
resembling a Scotch bonnet, worn by Kulu men. A gay youth likes 
to adorn his by sticking silver pins with fancy heads in it, 

Kdgd-jere.—Jere is sometimes used as an affix meaning “like,” 
“resembling.” 


64. Ore shahrd pore Bindrahane ,— 

Chiihi ri chdkari aur karmari khdni. 

On this side the town, on that Bindraban, 

Letter carrying is poor service : one must bear one^s fate. 

The conveying of letters was one of the services which land* 
owners were bound to render the Raja as forced labour or heydr. It 
was not heavy work, but it was objected to because nothing was paid 
for it, whereas a man employed as a porter generally got his food at 
any rate. 

6-5. Khari kahdri, phiri dohri dhdpl .- 
ntherd hhdrtu o te jugerd pdpi. 

A steep hillside, puffing and blowing and faint; 

4’hc man who has to carry a load on his back must havo 
been a sinner in the last world. 

Knhdti (steep cliify ground). 

Dohri (puffing and blowing). 

Jugerd, Pitherd. Kulu genitive in -rd from jug and pilh. 

Bhdrtu (a porter), from hhdr (a load). 

This is the Outer Saraj form. The w'ord used in Kulu proper is 
hharotu. 

0, third personal pronoun, more frequently so. 

Te, the demonstrative pronoun. 



30 


66. Krukhd hethla kamanud, khadone khdu kliandj. 

He slept beucatli a knikh tree, a donkey ate his buck¬ 
wheat. 

Note. —Proverbial, of a very foolish person. 

Knikh (a tree), the sap of which is said to blister the skin. 
Khandj (buckwheat grain) : analogous to anoj. 


67. Fadrid Kulud, sawine Sukhele : 

Ddne pdni de rijkd, phir bhi dun'i ilhe. 

In the Kulu plain, in level Sukhet : 

To enjoy food and water, again we must come homo. 

Note. — Fadrid Kulud. The word Kulu fs applied properly not to 
the Kulu Valley which is by no means ‘^a plain ” but to the chief and 
only town in the valley which is seldom alluded to among the people 
by its Mohammedan name, Snltaupur. The reference is to the large 
grassy plain near the town. 

Ithe. 'I'he common Punjabi word for “here’’ replaces in Saraj 
the Kulu aiihhe. The couplet is current in the Saraj tract, to the 
inhabitants of which Kulu and Sukhet are equally foreign countries. 


68. lialpand re kekline tehetri nahin dekhni: 

Gauntardre gahne, mardare 7iahin khdne. 

Translation. 

At the feast of the first ploughing the women must not look 
on : ( 

The offerings made on Basant day the men must not partake 
of. 

Note. —Generally ajjplied to a young woman as distin¬ 
guished from an old one (khdprij : but sometimes msed of an old 
woman asjn the phrase randi hetri (an old widow woman). 

69. Chiiglikhor rnukadani hu.rd^ char biiri, gharfidni : 

Binijariinri chdkari burl, hini bald karshdni. 

Tiv'ANSLATION. 

A spying ruler is a bad thing, a bad thing a dishonest 
housewife. 

Service without wages is bad, so is ploughing without cattle. 
Note. —Qhartidni (the woman of the hou.so), from ghar. 

Jarila (wages). 







31 


70. Bnne Phojale, nje hoJne Rungp, : 

Komi 'pandle. duhalne, Icho loJcard chhvhiigd. 

Below is Phojal, above is Pnng-: 

A whisper in 3 ’our ear, people have pul our house out of 
caste. 

71. Manihornd tliandi tali phareshd, 

iSoi heithml dhdchnd heri, dothi Idi cJiaknd jisdid. 

At Manikaru it is col J and hot at tlie landslip, 

She promised to stop with me and take care of me : in the 
inornuig she made me get up earlv. 

Tati (hot): especially of the water in a hot spring. Manikarn 
is a famous place or pilgrimage in the Parbati Valley in consequence 
of its hot springs which are situated at the foot of an ancient landslip, 
close to the bank of the river. Tho hot water gushing forth to join 
the icy cold Wcuter of the glacier-fed river is believed to represent 
Shiva rushing on the Groddess karbati, hence the name of the river. 

JIhdchnd (to bring up, nurse, attend), 

Keri. Feminine form of past participle of the verb “ to do.” 
Dothi (morning). Jishd. Dative from jisk (early morning), 
Chnhnd (to lift: also to raise, to rouse). 

72. Age nidri thi, randi-re hhdnie, 

Mnf. vdhondi logonri khoU ; 

Age thi fakard khalru, Ndtiiari JhoH. 

T warned you before, you wretch 
Not to go to other people’s yards ; 

What was once a b:sg of money is now but a Nath’s purse. 
Ndhandi. Cf. the past participle natha or nahatha (went). 
Logonri. Genitive plural from log, 

Khalru (a bag, generally made out of a single sheep or goat¬ 
skin, and commonly used for holding grain), d'he word is also used 
to signify a measure of capacity, equal to half a doji which is a bag 
made of three sheepskins and holding three hhdr,<i of grain. 

73. Trdmhard dahud, Guvia hhejii matai: 

Chheke ije ghnravs, jnd.ni nihari di. 

I sent him to Gnma with money to buy salt; 

Come quickly home, youth is fleeting. 

Note. — Dahud, literally a pice, quarter-anna, is used for money 
generally. 

IJe. Vocative of the verb to come.” 






32 


74. Eki kuflu kauni kodra, diije kntlu shag : 

Saukan rand mardi lagi to dkan merid hhdg. 

Kangni and kodra in one field, vegetables in the other : 

]\Iy fellow widow is dying, the wealth will fall to my lot. 

{Kangni and kodra arc two kinds of millet, often sown together). 


75. Khari kudli jangare Inrkii lagi : 

Nahin, te hudle khadle bharjudni dhdke. 

A stiff ascent causes a pain in the legs : 

If not, then an old man could pull as hard as a youth. 

Khari kudli. Cf. kuhdri, No. 65. 


76. Uthri kothin jord lage parohe ; 

Lnh masan hargae: hatd nahin puchhdd koi. 

On the high hillside two men sat supplying water : 

My blood and flesh have dried up: on the road no one 
speaks to me. 

Parohd. A person who supplies water at the wayside in places 
where the road runs for a long distatice far from any spring or 
stream. The parohd charges a small fee for the water he supplies 
or sometimes is maintained by subscription by the people who have 
occasion habitually to use the road where he sits. 


77 . Bhed jinki hinti, hdhhi jinki jo, panj sat jinki put, inko nn 
kushal ho. ■ 

Those who have to do with sheep, those who marry their 
brothers’ widows, those who have several sons, never have 
rest. 


78. Bhulgayd rang rag, bhulgayd chhakri: 

Tin gal ki ydd rahi, ddl, lun, lakri. 

Forgotten are joy and song, gaming forgotten : 
Three words only remembered—food, salt, firewood. 








33 


PART III—Couplets relating to agriculture. 

79. Burse Magsir khcie hhand khir : 

Burse Kali agld sangh na pichhld sdthi. 

If it rains in Magsar, eat sugar and milk : 

If in Katik'it is not good for either the past or tlio coming 
harvest. 

80. Burse Magsir, harkhd sone ri tir. 

If it rains in Magsar the rain is a golden arrow. 

Barkhd is the common Kulu word for rain. 

Magsir. So pronounced in Kulu and sometimes transposed into 
Kashmir.” 

81. Kate rd gash, satid ndsh. 

Kjitik rain means ruin. 


82. Jethd Shard sonun, te Kdte mahine..kijird kunu ? 

If we sleep in Jetli and Asar (the rice planting season), then 
in the mouth of Katik whose is the stack (of unthreshed 
rice) ? 

Kijira. Genitive of the interrogative pronoun. 

83. Jisri shairi, teari niijdhi: 

Jisri hurt, teari biydhi. 

His is the spring harvest who sowed the autumn one, 

As his IS the bride to whom she was betrothed. 

(This saying alludes to the right recognized by custom of the 
tenant who has held the land during the Kharif harvest to continue in 
possession during the following Rabi). 

Shairi (Kharif) : Niydhi (Rabi). 

Teari. Genitive (feminine) of the third personal pronoun ife,” 
sometimes varied by tisard, tisari. 


84. Bhddron ri Bhadridli, Chetar ri ChitrdU: 

Chetar ne hdgh, khalru ne kharch, shdri no shag. 

Badhron and Chetar have their festivals : 

But in Chetar there is nothing in the garden, no provisions 
in the bag, no vegetables in the house plot. 

The “ Chitrali” has been described in connection with the song 
of Runjlve. In Chetar the Rabi harvest is not yet ripe and the 
produce of the Kharif has nearly been consumed. 








34 


Khalru is tlie goatskin bag in wliich a man going on a journey 
carries liis flour, which he calls hharch. Shari is a garden plot beside 
a house, generally sown with vegetables, 

85. Hiund rukhd, Bast hhulchd: 

He her harydlard suJchd. 

In the winter only plain food : in the spring hunger : 
Welcome the happiness of the summer. 

Hiund (winter) ; hdst (spring : also land kept fallow in the Rabi) 

Barydlard. Genitive of Barydl (the rainy season). 

Cf. notes to couplet No. 37. 

86 . Ghetar petd lagd retar, Jeth saturd khdnd matingld, hamu 

pitld let. 

In Chetar the file (of hunger) rasps the stomach. In Jeth 
eat cakes of satu : leave work and sleep. 

Saturd, Genitive of satu, parched barley ground into flour. 

87. Au mahina Shdr, char matingla sature mar, kdm kamdnd 

dihdr. 

The month of Asar has come : eat four cakes of satu, and 
• work the whole day long. 

88 . Ekd khatni chapni, ekd chaintu soni : 

Rurh dhwdr hoU, to sahi hardhar honi. 

One works and works : one sleeps in the shade : 

A time of drought will come and then it’s all the same. 

89. Sard ne ruhni, Kate lagi kunu ? 

Tisdjhuri sardnu, wdnsere keri punu. 

No rice planting in Asftr, then how is the rice stacked in 
Katik ? 

His mistress has praised him and turned the last quarter 
into full moon. 

Tisd. Ablative of third personal pronoun “ if.” 

Wdns (last quarter) : Punu (full moon). 

Cf. couplet No. 82. 

90. Lindon lindon ne bani sdug. 

Manjhi Bhddron men pati rdug. 

These fools have worked their ruin : 

In the middle of Bhadron {i.e., a month too late) they are 
transplanting their rice. 









35 


PART IV.—Couplets, &c., relating to other occupations. 

91. Esara—Bhat matcUi dd—Ghiware chullu—Chal hdndh'ie — 
Padhare Kulu. 

A chorus sung by men while dragging large beams along 
by ropes. A tug at the rope accompanies each exclama¬ 
tion. 

Pull!—Mat^li rice !—A double handful of ghi ! 

Come on boys !—Level Kulu. 

Matdli (a kind of rice, of good quality, grown at a high elevation) , 

Padhare Aw/h.—A pparently an inapt description of this moun¬ 
tainous country. It is not however the country that is referred to, 
but the town described in the maps as Sultanpur, but better known 
to the people as Kulu city. Adjoining it there is a large level plain 
on the bank of the Bias. 


92. Gar charid ehe; charnd chund : 

Piihdl gne gharave, gahar gachhla suna. 

The long grass has been grazed down now ; only the short 
growth remains to be grazed : 

The shepherds have gone to their homes, the pastures are 

bare and empty. 

Gar (the long growth of grass after the monsoon rains). 


Puhdl (shepherd). 

Gharave. Dative of ghar (house). 

Gahar (the natural pastures at an elevation of 7,000 to 9,000 feet 
above the sea which the shepherds visit with therr Bocks m the early 
summer on their way to the higher pastures and again m the autumn 
on their way back to their homes. 


93 . 


8oi, sundr, hed suhde ■: 

Unlco nahin hoti dardparalie. 


■iv, goldsmith, doctor are alike ; 

7 care not what happens to others. 





36 


PART V—Historical and Local Verses- 

94. Rdesand handh, shdkru dhandd, 

A bachelor of Raesan, basket bellied. 

Raesan was a Thakur who lived in a fort at tlio place now called 
after him. He maintained an army of retainers who were all enrolled 
at an early age and were kept in a very strict state of discipline while 
in the fort. Dhanda is a large, bottle-shaped basket used for storing 
grain. 

95. phdkard tahru hinglu-rangud shard ; 

SaTk(i7'i daulat mdri tin mouzah hhdrd, janr/al Ihdkud hard. 

In the belt an axe with a many-coloured handle ; 

By the government's favour a stricken village became pro- 
spei’ous : bnt closing the forests was a bad thing. 

phdkard. Genitive of phdk (the sash -witli which the Kulu 
man's coat is fastened). 

9G. Sahhand shuhld tdlu pandhe kheshd : 

Nihdi end Manikarnd herid Rupi-rd-deshd. 

Prettiest of all is the kerchief on the head : 

Come to Manikarn to bathe after seeing the Rupi counti’y. 

Sahhand. Ablative from sa6 (all). 

Khesha. Reference is made to the kerchief, generally crimson 
or blue, which a Kulu woman wears tightly bound over her hair. 
It is more commonly called thipu. 

End. Infinitive of verb to come,” used imperatively. 

Eerid. Formed from the past pai'ticiple of hernd (to see). 

97. Udre shahr, pare Akhdrd ri hati : 

Ser lagipahmdish sari kismen kati. 

On this side the town, opposite it the shops of Akhara : 

In the fields proceeds the survey, all tlie kinds of soil are 
classified. 

Ser. A block of cultivated land. 

98, Manjh lagi shist patri phir bhari jarihd : 

Jdnewdld kothird kdyath phir dendistihd. 

In the middle are worked the sighting rod and plane table • 
and all is measured with the chain; 

The old village kdyath then hands in his resignation. 

Of the settlement of 1888—92 when some of the old patwaris 
who had never learned land measurement and were too old to measure 
were obliged to resign. 







37 


99. Mandi ki patli pari 8ardjt hi chhand : 

Bhuin ckhvtd ujrd,joi ckhiitd ha jar hand. 

On tlie further plain at Mandi is the Sarajis’ camp ; 

Their land is lelt uncultivated, their wives are left to go 
astray. 

[ Of one of the periodical risings of the Sarajis or hillmen of 
Mandi State who, when they are dissatisfied with their king descend 
upon the capital, camp outside it, and demonstrate ” till they gain 
their ends. Meantime their land and their homes are neglected.] 

PatU (level). 

Chhan (a hut with a flat thatched roof). 

100. (Jdre Bhuind, pore holit Pargdnu : 

Ago viarnd gorii bhedu, pichhe se marnd mdnu. 

On this side Bhuin, on the other Parganu : 

First die the cattle and sheep, after them the men. 

Note. —The couplet alludes to an outbreak of cholera which 
followed an epidemic of rinderpest about 1881. It is curious that 
the great cholera epidemic of 1892 also followed a two years’ epide¬ 
mic of rinderpest. 

It may be remarked that goru, though not peculiar to the dialect, 
is the common Kulu word for “ horned cattle ” 


101. Chanuk de Chansdni, hanak de Bandlial. 

Pithd pokh Tridmlu, hald goch Kivjidl. 

Translation. 

The Uhansari people are rough of speech, those of Bandal 
gentle. 

Those of Triaralu live on the flour ground at their mills, 
the people of Kinj goad their bullocks. 

Note.—B noidfdi, Kinjidl. A man is described as belonging to a 
certain village by affixing -dl to the name of the village. So with the 
name of a tract of country : mandidl (a native of Mandi) : Chamhidl 
(a native of Cbamba). 

102. Bar ah pethen, ’thdrah ddni : Bosal Edg'd sdr najdni. 

Translation. 

Twelve pumpkins, eighteen tax-collectoi’s : 

Raja Bosal knows not what justice means. 

(Of a wicked king who made unjust exactions), 





38 


103, Hachhe pachhe JagatsuWid, Chokhe bhale Bardn : 

^Thdrah jdten\Nagard^ Bandar log Nathan. 

Teanslation. 

The people of Jagatsukli are independent: those of Baritn 
happy and prosperous: 

All the eighteen castes are in Nagar : the Nathan people 
are wild as monkeys. 


104. Saras log Sarsehi vasen, Chhdki re dhhe : 

Nagar to bagar hud, Ghordaur rahd bdhi. 

Translation. 

Deformed people live at Sarsehi: the Chhaki men know no 
law, 

Nagar is deserted (by the Raja) : only the racecourse 
remains. 

Note. —Nagar was the old capital of Kuln until the Raj^ chang¬ 
ed his abode to Sultanpnr. Sarsehi and Ohhaki are villages adjoin¬ 
ing it^ and Ghordaur (or Ghordror) is another village near the place 
where the Raja’s horses used to be exercised. 


105. Sari mat merdd Rdjd, Sari pali phathdri : 

Chojd Gojd mere Rdjd, sari holi Lag thamdri. 

[ Advice given by a Brahman woman to the Raja of Upper Kulu 
when he was fighting with the Raja of Lag, a tract which as the 
result of the war was incorporated with. Kulu.] 

Don’t stop at Sari, my king, there is nothing there ; 

Go by way of Choj and Goj and all Lag will be thine. 

Note. —Thamdri for tumhdri. Similarly hamdri is often written 
and pronounced mhdri. 


lOG. Are ydndaldi dhdrd loho deJcho tamdshd Bdrnedd ! 

Bdrne Larne Jcaunsal kitiya, 

Tharere, tharere, Bhdgsu hameyd, Kdngra kameyd sdrd : 

Loko dekho tamdshd Bdrnedd ! 

Come people of the hills and look at Barnes’ show ! 

Barnes and Lawrence held counsel. 

Thundering, thundering, Bhagsu (Dharmsala) shook, all 
Kangra shook. 

People, behold Barnes’ show. 

Note.—A n importation from Kangra: referring to the first 
regular settlement of the district, 





39 


107. Mangli Rani, Mangleshar Deo 
Dhauns phuti, Saund seo 
Mdrkanda Mahrdl neo. 

When Mangli was queen, Manglesliar-god’s drum was 
burst ; the bridge of Saund carried the god Markanda 
to Makral. 

Dhauns (the big drum in the band invariably attached to a 
temple in Kula). 

Seo (bridge). It means a large bridge, passible by cattle and 
ponies, as opposed to Dippi (a foot-bridge). 

Neo. Nominative singular masculine of the past participle of 
the verb “ to carry.” 

Queen Mangli ruled at Jiya, a village situated at the junction of 
the Bias and Parbati Rivers. The Parbati used to.be spanned by a 
bridge at Saund, a little way above the junction. This couplet 
assigns the fall of the bridge to the bursting of the drum used in the 
worship of the god, and it is said that the idol of Markanda village 
was on the bridge when it fell and was carried on the timbers of the 
fallen structure down the river to Makral where his temple now 
stands. 


VI.—Religious and Philosophical. 

108. KatU, pinjU, keli kheo : Bar deli Khokhani Deo. 

She who shall shear, card, and work hard, shall be rewarded 
by the Khokhan God. 

109. Bunhe shahrd, vje holnd Dold : 

Mahddevd bdshi bnkru, te niaini chindud hold. 

Below, the town ; above it the village of Dol : 

1 vow a goat to Mahadev and my wish will be brought to 
pass. 

110. Ore Nagard, pore boli Chdkhi ; 

Suraj Ohandar lagni deni; Dev Jamlu sdkhi. 

Here Nagar, opposite Ch^khl; 

I swear it by the sun and moon, God Jamlu is my witness. 

Jamlu is one of the mightiest of the godlings of Kulu. His 
chief temple is at Malana in the north of Kulu, but there are minor 
temples scattered through the length and breadth of Kulu. He is 
said to be brother to Gyephan, the god of Lahul, and to Birm4, the 
goddess to whom is attributed the peopling of Kulu. 





40 


111. Bunhe Chauhi, uje Dhdrd Maldnd : 

Bide nidthud likhud hhdge harm khdnd. 

Below, Chauki village : above, the ridge over Malana : 
What is written in your fate you will attain. 


112. Borare itdv-pitar achha kachha, mare pitar chhard pavdshd. 

Other people’s dead ancestors may be well or ill, for ray 
ancestors I have thrown a firebrand. ’ 

[A.t the Diwali festival in Saraj a large bonfire is lit in memory 
of the dead and the above is shouted by the men who apply the 
torches to it.] 

Harare. Genitive of hor (other). 

Mdre, sometimes spelt mhdre — liamdre. 

Chhara. Past participle from Ghharnd (to abandon, to throw). 


113. Lind kd zahdna, sahukdr kd hhizdna. 

The fool’s tongue is like a banker’s treasury. 


114. Pag hind kdte na panlh; bdhd hind hate na durjan; 
tap hind mile na rdj; drab hind mile naddar; piyd hind 
kathna sangdr; meg bind hole na dddar* 

Teanslation. 

Without legs one cannot walk the road ; without arms one 
cannot give succour; without devotion one cannot win a 
kingdom; without wealth one cannot give honour ; 
without a husband adornment is vain ; without rain the 
frog cannot croak. 


Miscellaneous Couplets. 


115. Kajli hind, gari kaisi; jib bind kdrnan kaisi; lagdm hind 
ghori kaisi ; kuth chune hind pdn ? 

Teanslation. 

What is the fair face without antimony, the bow without 
the arrow, the mare without her bridle, the betelnut 
without the catechu ? 







41 


116, Tulsi garih na chheriye, huri garib hi haye : 

Mue bakre hi khdl se, lohd hhasam hojdye. 

Translation. 

Don’t forsake poor Tuki, sad is the wail of the poor : 

It is by the skin of a dead goat that iron is reduced to 
ashes. 

117. A Riddle — 

Tundu bane, mundu Vane, jangd shell mukli ; 

Mud manud jindd chalde, herd aisd jiigti ? 

Darehi. 

Hands tied, mouth tied, legs left free ; 

A living man drives a dead thing, saw you ever such a 
business ? 

Hn.vwer.—A dare/ll, or swimmer supporting himself by an 
inflated buffalo hide. 


118. Thing thakdi ud hahi. 

A collection of evils, lies and vain speech. 


119. Katha gayd visri, Doru heth gayd nisri. 

He has forgotten his business and gone to sleep beneath his 
blanket. 

(Of a man who went to a friend for help and on the strength of a 
promise to work for him was given a blanket, in which he promptly 
rolled himself and fell asleep without doing the work). 


120. Mdtd pita dhanki lobhi : 

Rdjd kat kaddrnt 
Deo devta bal ka lobhi, 

Arz Ms ke pas pugdrni 

My father and mother are greedy of wealth. 

The king regards himself alone : 

The gods are greedy for a sacrifice. 

To whom shall I make my plaint ? 

[A certain king had no son and was advised to make a human 
sacrifice to obtain one. A man and woman were found who were 
willing to give up for the purpose their deaf and dumb son who 
as he was being led to the sacrifice found voice, and gave utterance 
to the above.] 

The above is a saying current in Outer Saraj. The number of 
words of pure Sanskrit origin is noteworthy. 






42 


121. Hamdrd dil hadil hud : dekh jagal hi rit: 

Jahdn dekhe wohdn kapat hai, mukh dekh ki parti. 

Tkanslation. 

Wo are ia sympathy j but behold the way of the world : 
Wherever you look there is guile : love caii ouly be when 
face meets face. 


122. Sing lagan shapureh hachan, kajli kham ek ddl: 

Tiriyd tel, hamir hat, na charhe dusri wdr. 

Translation. 

The tiger mates but once, the plantain has but one fruit¬ 
ful stem ; 

The (wedding) oil to the woman, the noble’s order, comes 
not a second time. 

Tiriyd. From tiri (a woman) : cf. stri. 

The idea is that a person in power does not change his word 
once given. 


123. Parit kare chautar se chautar, parit ki Idj : 

Sail jojanjal base chakmak tdje na dg. 

Translation. 

When the good loves the good then is love honoured : 
Though the flint lie a hundred fathoms deep in water it 
loses not its fire. 


124. Rdjdjogi dgan jal, unkt ulH rit: 

Darte rahiye Paras Rdm se, ihori rdkhe parit. 

Translation. 

Kings and jogis are like fire and water, their ways are 
uncertain : 

Fear them as you would fear God, but love them little. 


123. Parit kariije tduse jahdn man pdtiye : 

Thdiir fhdnr ki parit se kalank lag jdiye. 

Translation. 

Love where thy heart turns : 

You are thought but little of if you love here, there, and 
everywhere. 






45 


I 126. Bird juwaUr mandar tdje sab sahhiyon Ice sdth : 

Dharig man Idlchi dhare pip-par hath. 

Translation. 

I abandoned my temples of emerald and precious stone, with 
all my queens : 

Only to be moved by my avaricious heart to dip my hand 
in spittle. 

Note.—T he words of a king who became a devotee and gave up 
his wealth but seeing spittle shining in the moon light and thinking 
it a precious stone stooped to pick it up. 


127. Chat pachhenu chautar hi phdte murkh he nen: 

Pan diye te khdne ko, Idge bail ko den. 

Translation. 

The eyes of one’s face can tell the noble’s ways from the 
churl’s ; 

Give the churl pan to eat, he’ll give it to his ox. 





1 



45 


Glossary of the Kulu Dialect. 


In the following glossary words peculiar to certain localities and 
not in use throughout the tract in which the dialect is spoken are 
distinguished by the initial letter or letters of the name of the 
locality to which they are confined, thus :— 

S. 

Sara] generally. 

0. s. 

Outer Sara], i.e., the portion of Saraj lying in 
the Satlaj watershed. 

R. 

Rupi, i. e., the valleys of the Parbati, Hurla 
and Sainj streams, tributaries of the Bias. 

M. 

Mandi State. 


The vocabulary is not meant to be exhaustive, nor does it purport 
to contain exclusively words peculiar to the Kulu hills. Doubtless 
a large number of words in common use have never reached the 
collector’s ears, and in spite of care some which he has had the good 
fortune to hear have escaped record. A good many Hindi words ar6 
included in the vocabulary for the reason that, although noted in 
dictionaries, they are believed to be not in very common use elsewhere, 
whereas in Kulu they are every day expressions. 

The order of the English or Roman alphabet has been followed. 
The transliteration has been effected in accordance with the rules of 
the Hunterian system. 

Glossary. 

Weaving machine : also the warp. 

Floor: storey. (S). 

The common stinging nettle. (Of. Jardhan). 
The portion of a floor (or ceiling) lying between 
two ceiling rafters {dlni or hharaini). 

Rude: haughty: undisciplined. [Cf, Hindi 
akhar). 

Weaving machine. (0. S.) 

Rafter supporting the ceiling (which forms 
also the floor of the room above;. 


AER 

A'GAR 

A'HAN 

A'KRr 

A'KHA 

A'L 

A'LNr’ 




46 


A'Nf 

ANNA 

Aran 

... Wife. 

,.. To bring : to carry. 

... Has three meanings. For the irrigation of 
fields water is first drawn off the main canal 
cut or huhl by minor channels called chald : 
from the latter the water is drawn off first 
into a pool or small reservoir by an aperture 
in the side of which it escapes and flows on 
to the field. The name draji is applied (1) to 
the reservoir, (2) to the aperture, and (3) to 
the inferior quality of irrigated land which 
gets too much scoured by the canal water. 
Bhuri is synonymous with dran. 

ARNr 

ARTt ' 

.. Withering of the ear of grain owing to drought. 

.. A ceremony in Hindu worship, similar to the 
Elevation of the Host, 

ACHHA 

ADHE 

AGAL 

AMA 

ANDA 

ANDLA 

ANG 

ang-malawa . 

ANGr 

APARANT 

ARAN 

AROKRU 

asgah 

A. ^ 

.. Yellow raspberry. 

.. Nightfall. 

.. Wooden bar for fastening a door. 

.. Mother. 

.. Earthenware pot: (gliana), 

.. A double handful. 

.. Body : limbs. 

.. An embrace. 

.. Separate. 

.. After : over and above. 

,. Anvil. 

,. A cash payment. 

. Wooden staircase for ascending to the first floor 

ASKALU 

of a house : as opposed to the notched pole 
which is more commonly used for this purpose. 

. A spherical cake made of ground rice flavoured 
with salt and cummin seed. 

AUTAR 

AU. ^ 

.. Woman. (Probably a transposition of the 
letters of the word aiirat). 


BA'CHHNA 


... To read. 

BAor BUDf 

... Village site. 

BA'GAL 

... Outer : outside. 

BA'GAR 

... The wind : a breeze. 

BAHNA 

... To plough. 

BAHUGUNA 

... An iron plate, used by goldsmiths, with a 
number of moulds in it for fashioning delicate 
work. 

BAlLr 

... A small hammer carried by a ploughman for 
petty repairs to his plough. (S.) 

BAIR 

... Friend. 

BAJA 

... Hay. 

BALAN 

... The wooden balcony verandah surrounding the 
second floor of a house. 

BALNA 

... To put a balcony verandah {bdlan or phirki) 
round the second floor of a house. 

BALU' 

... Sand. (Of. haldushi and bdiishar). 

BAMANO 

... A couplet. 

BANA 

... The woof. 

BANDHA 

... The main beams extending along the length of 
the roof and supporting the framework of it. 
(Of. Jihi). 

BARAH SAJA 

... A twelve month. 8djd or Sdnjd means the 
first day of the month. 

BARRA or BARDA Basket-maker : the basket making caste. 

bartha 

... Recitation of the history of a godling or devtd. 
The history is recited at most temples on the 
first day of Baisakh. 

BARr 

... A lump of peasemeal dough. 

BARNA 

... To fell, cut down (of a tree) : to reap (of a 
crop). Bartd-tuktd (cutting timber). 

BASr 

... Village. (S.) 

BAST 

... (1) The spring, i.e., the three months of Chetar, 
Baisakh and Jeth : hence 
(2) Land lying fallow during the spring or 
rabi crop. 

bAstu 

... The foundation of a building. 

BATA 

... (1) Exchange : especially an exchange of one 
piece^of land for another. 

(2) A large stone used by blacksmiths to 
hammer iron flat with. 


BXTin 

BATHNA 

BA'TNA 

BAUSHAR 

BAWRr 

BAWTA 

BABRU 

BADOPHRI 


BADRAN 

BADRANJO 


BAGAL 

BAGAMBAR 
BAGNOHI (or 
BANGOHI) 
BAGRA 

BAHU 

BAILI' 

BAIMPHAL 

BAIRr 

BAJHELA 

BAL 


BALAUSHt 


48 

... Land retentive of moisture. 

... To speak or (of a bird) to call. 

... To rub anything, such as fibre or wool, between 
the palms. 

... Sandy soil. 

... The floor of any of the upper storeys of a 
house. Hence a storey or floor. 

... One of the two slanting sides of a roof. (O. S.) 

... A spherical shaped cake. 

... A cash payment made in the case of a cross¬ 
betrothal by the parents of the older betrothed 
girl by way of compensation for her age 
being greater than that of the other. 

... Beam extending the length of the roof and 
supporting its framework. 

... A festival held in the month of Bhadron in 
honour of the plough-cattle which on that 
day are decorated with flowers and excused 
all work. 

... Along and narrow field-terrace (as opposed 
to field terraces of different dimensions). 

... The leopard’s skin carried by a sddhu. 


... An acorn. 

... A wild grass from which ropes and grass shoos 
are made. 

... Brother. 

... The evening meal. (O. S.) 

... Wild strawberry. (Q. S.) 

... Enemy. 

... The early morning. 

... (1). A sacrifice. (O. S.) 

(2). The low-lying land at the base of a moun¬ 
tain ridge, up to an elevation of about 
4,500 feet above the sea, in which the 
better crops are produced and ripen 
comparatively early. 

... Sandy soil. 


49 


BALATAR 


BALK 

BALKKHI 

BALHARr 

BALHARAN 


BAN (Rope); MAN- 
JHf RA ban. 

BANASHA 


BANDHI' 

BANGRI 

bar 

barch 


barera 

BARERr 


BARERU 

BARHAL 

BARHKA 

BARIND 

BARKHA 

BARO 


The rope used at the twelve-yearly festival at 
Nirmancl, near the bank of the Satlaj : the 
rope is lowered over a precipice and a man 
slides down it, probably a survival of a time 
w’hen human sacrifices were offered. 

Well! 

Impression, belief: e.g,, apni zaminari halekhi 
(believing it'to be my own land). 

Bride’s maid. 

The aperture in the enclosing ridge of a field 
terrace by which canal water is let off on to 
the next field terrace. 

A rope suspended over a field of growing crop 
and oscillated to and fro to scare the birds 
away. 

Land situated at a distance from the village or 
farm-house and therefore not much manur¬ 
ed. Probably a corruption of han-d-ser (the 
field in the forest). 

A bachelor : a youth. 

A conical shaped cotton cap, worn by the 
Brahmans of Outer Saraj. (0, S.) 

Reward : boon. 

The wooden balcony verandah surrounding the 
first floor of a Kulu house. (Of. phirU: 
bdlan). 

Brother. (O. S.) 

Time, turn, e.g., one’s own turn to receive water 
for irrigation when there are several co¬ 
sharers in a canal. 

Musk. 

'The rainy season : summer, i.e., the three 
months of Asar, Sawan, and Bhadron. 

A low-caste man. ' 

A collateral relative. 

Rain (feminine). 

(1) Provisions. Hence (2) wages paid in the 
form of food. 

A sheaf. (S.) 


BAROTU 


60 


BARSORr 

BARTH 

BAREHr 

BASA'JU 


BASA'RAHU 
DUKH 
BASOTA 
BATAWARr 
BATESRr 
BATHAN 
BATHLA {t) 
BATHU 
BATOHt 
BATOKRU 


BAT 

BAWAI' 


BAURI' 

BED 
BEDAN 
BEDNA 
BED A 


BEGORA 


... A generation. 

... A kind of pulse. 

... A woodcutter, axeman : the woodcutter caste. 

... (1). A measure of grain, holding upatha {q. v.) 

(2). A carrier of grain. (In the poorer vil¬ 
lages towards the Satlaj grain of cer¬ 
tain kinds, such as maize, is not pro¬ 
duced in sufficient quantities for the 
supply of the population, and conse¬ 
quently in the spring and autumn num¬ 
bers of men are to be met flocking 
towards northern Kulufor the purchase 
of grain : these are called hasaju). 

... A cattle disease. 

... A late sowing of seed. 

... A person who collects fuel for sale. 

... The clients of a Brahman priest (Jijman). 

... Amaranth (the large combed, crimson variety). 

... Round : cylindrical. 

... A minor godliug : second class devtd. 

... Waistcoat. 

... A fee paid by Gaddi shepherds for permission 
to drive their flocks through a private 
estate. 

... Path. 

... The custom of carrying the image of the vil¬ 
lage god to a field before the last sheaf of 
corn is cut. 

... The roof beam extending across the breadth 
of the roof and supporting the framework. 

... Physician. 

^ To invite. 

... A caste of which dancing is the chief employ¬ 
ment. It is from this caste that is selected 
the man who slides down the rope at the 
twelve-yearly festival at Nirmand. (Cf. 
Balatar). 

... A lamb-pen. 



51 


BEL 

Embossed work on gold or silver. 

BERK 

A large building with a court-yard in the 
centre. 

BERUr 

A cake with poppy-seeds baked in it. 

BESHNA 

(1). To sit down. (2). To lie down. 

BETHRA 

Juniper Communis. 

BETHU 

Ploughman. 

BETr 

Upper. 

BETRr 

A girl : young woman. 

BETHU or BATTHU 

A low-caste (Dagi) attendant on a Kanait (or 
upper class family). [Nearly every Kanait 
family has a Dagi family attached to it, the 
members of which have the sole right of per¬ 
forming ceremonial functions, e.g., at a fune¬ 
ral, such as can only be undertaken by 
persons of low caste]. 

BHAp 

A barn for storing hay or uuthreshed grain. 

BHAL 

A powdery black loam soil, much manured. 
(0. S.) 

BHALU 

A wild grass which springs -up as a weed in 
wheat and chokes the growth of the crop. 

BEAR 

(1) A load; (2) as much as a sheep can carry ; 
hence (3) a measure containing sufficient 
barley grain to form a sheep’s load ; and 
hence (4) the area of land that can be sown 
with a sheep’s load of barley grain. 

BHASHUL 

A tree, the twigs of which are used in combina- 
-tion with nirgdl (wild cane) for basket 
making. 

BHATU 

The attendant at a temple whose duty it is to 
provide flowers for the worship of the god. 

BHACHAUar ... 

A small, spindle-shaped box for holding tinder. 
(Nearly every Kulu man carries one, to¬ 
gether with a flint and steel, suspended 
from his waist-belt). 

BHAGGIAL ■ 

A collateral relative. 

BHAJARA 

A sheep-pen. (S.) 

BHAJUA 

Wages. 

BHALAN 

A water-channel. 

BHANNA 

To break: burst. 


52 


BHARAlNr 

BHARAM 

BHARATI' 

BHAROTi^ 

bharotu 

BHARUKNA 

BHATr 

BHAURI 7 * 

BHER 

BHBTNA 

BHIRNA' 

BHtT 

BHOBHALr 

BHON 

BHORLU 

BHOR.prr 


BHOTr 

BHUGNA 

BHUJNU 

BHUMBLA 

BHURr BARCH A 

BIAG 

BIANG 

Bt 

BIOHU 


BIJA 

BILr 


.. Rafter supporting the ceiling (which forms the 
floor of the room above). 

.. Doubt, suspicion. 

.. Roof rafter, supporting the slates or shingles. 

(S.) 

..A load. 

.. A load-carrier, porter, coolie. 

.. To snow. 

. . Five kacha seers, equivalent to two pakkd 
seers. 

,. A couplet : rhyming verses. 

. An ewe. 

. To meet, come in contact with. (Hindi milnd). 

. To fight. 

. Wall of a house j especially the stonework of 
the wall. 

A powdery black loam, much manured. (S.) 
(Of. hhdl). 

Division. 

A round basket for holding worsted. 

Compensation paid by husband to his first wife 
when he marries a second. (It is very com¬ 
mon at a ^^marriage settlement” for the bride, 
if she is her husband’s first wife, to stipulate 
that her husband shall not wed a second wife 
during her lifetime except under certain cir¬ 
cumstances, such as her proving barren). 

A cook. 

To be able. 

A haystack. 

Wild strawberry. 

Working for hire. 

Daybreak. (R.) 

Sheep. (S.) 

Seed {by). Bi chhornd (to scatter seed). 

A small enamel ornament worn on the fore¬ 
head, appended to the silver filigree head- 
dress (tora). 

Drought. (0 S.) 

The entrance to a cavern or a mine. 


53 


BfNAG 

... Carved wooden rails extending horizontally 
round the phirM or balcony«verandah of a 
house outside the upright planks which wall 
it in. 

BINTH 

... A span. 

BtR 

... (1). Border, edge ; the ridge of earth at the 
edge of a field terrace made to retain the 
canal water. (2). Below. (S.). 

BtHBO 

... Window sash. 

BI'Rr 

... A shearing. 

BIRLA 

... Broad ; wide. 

BISARNA' 

... To forget. 

BISHT 

... Prime minister to the king: Wazir.” (The 
office was hereditary, and so some Kulu Raj¬ 
put families are still known as bisht ”). 

BITAR JANA 

... To be seduced, go astray. 

BITHU 

... Amaranth, a favourite autumn crop in Kulu. 

BIUSHRr 

.. A whistle or flute made of nirgdl cane. 

BIYAUN 

... Below. 

Boor 

... The narcissus. 

BODRI 

... (1). Hen pheasant, the female argus pheasant. 
(2). Measles. 

BOGA 

... Small drainage channel for carrying off the 
surplus rain-water from a ploughed field. The 
channel often forms the boundary between 
fields belonging to different owners, and if 
one of these wishes to encroach on his neigh¬ 
bour’s land he begins by ploughing up 
or raking up the bojn (hogd gawdnd: hogd 
sakdnd) . 

bona 

... To carry, e. ^., pd^/iar &o)u(, to carry stones for 
building purposes. 

BONU 

Haystack. (S). 

BORNA 

... To shear. 

BOSAL 

... Thigh. 

BRAG 

... Leopard, panther. 

BRALf 

... Domestic cat. 

BElAS 

... Rhododendron. 

BHAM CHARI 

,,, Conical cotton cap worn by Brahmans. (0. S.) 


Cf» Bangri. 


54 


BRES 


... Age, e.gr., Terd khetrd hres sd? ^ How old are 


you 


? ’ 


BRESTr DIHARI Thursday. 

BRlSHKr ... Empty. 

BU' ... Grandfather (O S.). 

BU'A' \ 

BU'B > Paternal aunt. 

BlTBr ) 

BUDAN ... Churn-stick, for chiirningcurds. 

BUDHT RA LOGAR The plant known in the plains as ‘ gidar hd 
tamdhu ’: wild tobacco. 

BUDHt NAGAN... Rainbow. ^Literally, ^ old ahe-snake.’) 
BUGLU ' -..A bundle. 

BUHAR ... A wild grass from which brooms are made. 

BUHARI ... A broom. 

BUJHNA ... To understand. 

BUNGU ... Blue primrose. 

BU'NH' ... Below. 

BUR.J The birch tree. 

CH. ^ 


CHACHA 

CHAcnr 


CHADRU 

GHAKt 

OHAKRI 


... A handle, made from the wood of dwarf juniper, 
attached to the rope used by a porter for 
tying up his load, 

... (1). Mushroom. 

(2). The teimi is applied to the set of eight 
timbers which, going round the four walls 
of a house, serve to bind the dry-stone mason¬ 
ry : there is one beam on the inside and one 
on the outside of each wall, each sucb paral¬ 
lel pair being connected by wooden rivets. 
A chdchi is a sufficient foundation for one to 
three feet of dry-stone masonry, and in the 
height of the house there are to be found ten 
to twenty or more chdchis according to the 
climate, taste of the owner, or quantity of 
timber available. 

... Blanket ; plaid (of wool). Lungi chddru, A 
white blanket with a thin red check. 

... A roofing slate. 

... Service: forced labour. 


CHA'KTr 

CHA'KU 

CHALNf 
C HA'MRU' 
CHA'NNA 
CHARNA 
CHAwr 


CHAWRI' 


CHABARKHA .. 

CHABU'DA 

CHAINI' 

CHAKARNASI' . 

CHAKDA'R 

CHAKNA 

CHAKNAT 

CHAKRI' 

CHALA 

CHALAHRI' 

CHALAUN 

CHALIAT 

CHALITH 

CHALUNA 

CHAMI'RI' 

CHAMPH 

CHAN 

CHANAK 

CHANDA 

CHANDRAULI' . 


55 

.. A kind of beer made from rice or millet. 

. A tree, the twigs of which are used in basket¬ 
making. 

.. A sieve. 

.. A vessel made of white metal. 

.. To strain through a sieve. (Substantive) a sieve. 

., A sieve, 

Long thin cylindrical basket in which the 
Kulu man carries on his back his spindle for 
spinning wool (S.). 

. The planks forming the floor of the balcony 
verandah {hdlan phirki) surrounding a Kulu 
house. 

. The fourth aruiversary of a death. 

.. Verandah. 

.. Roof, rafter, supporting the slates or shingles. 

.. The beam of the lowest chdchi (q. v.) in a 
wall. 

.. Equivalent to BADRAN, q. v. 

.. To lift, raise, take. 

.. Clay soil. 

.. Roof rafter, supporting slates or shingles. 

.. The minor channel by which water is distributed 
from the main irrigation canal cut or kuhl. 

Synonymous with chdchi (2) q. v. 

.. A forest of c/ifi trees, [Pinus longifolia) . 

.. Maize straw. 

.. Rice flour : ground rice. 

.. Poplar. {Populus ciliata), 

.. Tree cricket. 

... Talc: mica. 

.. Three. 

Clank, clatter. 

.. Man sent to invite guests to a wedding. 

.. The milkmaids with whom Krishna played. 
A masque representing the frolics of Krishna 
is performed at the annual Dasera Fair, held 
in honor of the god Rugnathji, in which 
the part of the maids is performed by 
Brahman lads. 

... Granary (S.). 


CHANKA 


S6 


CHANKHU 

CHANf 

CHANRAL 

CHANAR 

CHANSHNI 

CHAPDI' 

CHAPNA 

CHARATH 

CHARr 

CHARU' 

CHAWRr 

CHEDA 

CflELf 

CHELU 

chewal 

CHHABU' 

CHHAer 

CHEACHHATr . 

CHHAENT 

CHHANA 

CHHAS 

CHHAIN 

CHAINNA 

CHHAN 

CHHANCHHr . 

CHHANJRARA . 

CHHATf 

CHHAUN 

CRHEKE 

CHHEKNA 

CHHEO DENA . 

CHHET 

CHHETI 

CHHIMBA 

CHHO 

CHHUHNA 

CHHURr 


.i. Buck wheat. 

... The watchman posted over a field to scare 
away birds and wild animals. 

t The year before the year before last. 


.. The straw of china, a millet. 

.. Square (of a beam). 

.. To work. 

.. Square. 

.. Wooden trough for washing iron ore, hollowed 
out in the shape of the letter V. 

.. Hail. 

.. A kind of rice. 

.. Separate. 

.. Lamb : kid. 

.. Generic name for little birds. 

.. Wall beam for binding dry-stone masonry. (Of. 

CHAcnr.). 

.. Circular basket, large size. 

.. Circular basket, small size. 

.. A light, white clay. 

., Shade. 

To say. 

.. Curds. 


.. Twigs lopped from fir trees for manure, &c. 

.. To roof a house. 

.. A shed for storing hay, &c. 

.. (1) The sand-fly. (2) The poto-fly. 

.. The re-marriage of a widow. {Karewd). 

.. Roof rafter, supporting slates or shingles. 

,. Leisure. 

. Quickly. 

.. To fill up. IT I chheknd, to fill up a rat-hole in 
a field with grass and thorns. 

,. To trim the ridge at the edge of a field-terrace. 
. Field. 

,. A married woman’s private property {stridhan). 
.. Washerman. 

,. Waterfall. 

. To profane, desecrate. 

,, A brick of Ladaki yeast {'phdp) for brewing. 


67 


CHHURNr also 
CHHUNr 
CHIDRA' 

CHIJA' 


CHIK 

CHIKr 

CHIKNAWAT ... 
CHILA'PH 

CHILAK LAGP ... 
CHILDA, or OHIL- 
RA 
CHtN 
CEPNA 

cnrNDr 

CHtNNA 

CHfR 

CHfRr 

CHIRS 

GHtTA 

CHITERNA 

CHIWRf 

CHOCH 

CHODAN 

CHOKHA 

CHOPAR 

CHORNA 

CHOJl' 

CHUHAN 
CHUL 
CHULLU 
■ CHUNA 
CHURGAN . 
CHURLf 

chutna 


Icicle. 

The return of a party who have gone with the 
bones of a deceased person to the Ganges. 
Hollow, empty. (Especially of a house, the 
outer shell of which is complete, but still re¬ 
quires to be furnished with floors and ceil¬ 
ings within). 

Land ; field. 

A bag. 

Clay. 

Pine needles (of pinus excelsa and pinus longi- 
folia, used as manure). 

Daybreak. 

, A flat pancake, made of horse-chestnut flour. 

, Three. (S.). 

• A goldsmith's stob or needle, for chasing. 

Lie, libel. 

To build. 

, Plot of cultivated land (0. S.) : the Ser (q. v.). 
Firewood. 

. Melted snow. 

, Black. 

. To let go, let loose. 

. A variety of wheat, with reddish grain and 
bearded ear., 

. Male : a inau. 

. Copulation. 

. Good : happy. 

. Butter. 

. To break, bo broken. 

. Peak, hill-top. 

. Heifer. 

, An ear or head of china (a millet). 

. Palmful. 

. Short grass. 

. Flint. 

. A variety of wheat witli A’vhite grain and 
bearded ears. 

. (Ill addition to the ordinary meanings). To 
come to an end. 


DACH 

DACHRU^ 

DAjr 

DAKH 

DALRr 

DAM 

DANI' 

DANU' 

DAR 

DARGU 


DARTHA 
' DATHU 

DAUN 

DABRSAR DFJS . 


DAHU 

DALXr 

DANDAR 

DANDIAL 

DANDIALNA 

DANUTRA 

DARAL 

DARBO 

DARrHAT 

DARIND 

DARSU'L 

DARTHAL 

DAUHA 

DAWATU 


D. ^ 

.. Reaping hook. 

.. A small knife^ in shape like a reaping hook, 
used to cut the thread in spinning. 

.. Flag. 

.. Wild grape. 

.. Winnowing basket. 

.. Young bullock, not yet trained to plough. 

.. Tax collector. 

! (1) Snake (generic name for all varieties). 

(2) Poppy leaves : ‘ ^ostJ 
,. Wood ; a beam, especially a wall beam {chewal). 

. The men employed to carry from the forest the 
timber required for the construction or repair 
of a house. 

, Wooden box for storing grain. 

. The coloured kerchief worn by a woman over 
her hair. (W. R.). 

. The roof beam extending along the length of , 
the roof and supporting its framework. 

Land situated at a medium elevation above sea 
level, not too high or too low, and therefore 
producing good crops. 

(1). (Substantive). Price. 

(2). (Adjective). Ill. 

Hail ! (Greeting from an inferior to a supe¬ 
rior) . 

I” Large rake drawn by oxen. 

.. To rake. 

. Two per cent. 

. 1 he hill toon, (Cedrela Toona), 

. Large track or road along which beams are 
dragged from the forest. 

. Midday meal. 

. Door post. 

. Mimature or toy iron trideut presented to a 

devta. 

. A wooden partition wall. 

. Three pie piece. 

. Dovetailed. 


59 


DATA' 

DEKH 

DEL 

DERU 


DEW AL 
DHA'CHNA 
DHACHl' 
DHAKU 


DHALL JANA 

DHAM 

DHAMRU 

DHANA 

DHARAN 

DHAQ 

DHANr 

DHARCH 

DHARN 

DHARETL 

DHAUNS 

DfllLI' 

DHtN 

DHLR 

DHODHAR 

DHONA 

DHORU 

DHUALKAIIU 


Enmity. 

... Edge, boundary. 

... The lower part of a weaver’s comb. 

... Domestic servant (applied especially to tbe 
villager who was bound under the forced 
labour system to be supplied by a village as 
a private servant to the negi, patwari, or other 
official). 

.. A kind of rice grown on unirrigated land. 

... To bring up, maintain, support. 

.. Up-bringing. 

... Horizontal struts projecting from the wall of a 
Knlu house and supporting the balcony- 
verandah (bdlan-phirki) which surrounds it. 

.. To tumble down. (O. S.) 

{ (1). The third day of the marriage festivities. 

(2). The marriage feast. 

,. Tho fourth day of the marriage festivities. 

.. To be tired. 

.. (1). Weight. (2)-. The weight of two hhatis 
or four pahhd sers. 

... Iron ore, in grains. 

... Master (applied to the Kanets by their Dagi 
attendants : Cf. BETHU). (0. S.). 

A religious service, consisting of incense-burn¬ 
ing and dancing before the devta, 

Tile ground, the flour: e.g.,dharn hesJuna, ^ sit 
do.wn, sit on tiie ground.’ 

... Midnight, 

, Kettledrum. 

... Yeast or ferment for bread-making. 

... Barley injured by rust and therefore inferior 
in grain. 

... Direction. DHLBA, ‘Towards.’ 

... Hollow tree. 

... To plane, smoothe : e.g., pathar dhond, to 
smooth stones : kari dhond, to plane a beam. 
... Blanket. 

... A man who absconds across the border with 
another man’s wife. (Cf. NIAUKARU). 

... Trap door in the roof : chimney. 


DHUNGAR 


60 


DHUP CHILKI . 
DHUPALA' 
DHUPOT 

DHURr 

DIBr 
DtHAN 

DIHARr 
DIMLUNA 

DINDHOR 
DING 
DINGRP 
DIPPr 
DISNA 
DOHRr 
DOjr 


DORr DESr 

DORA 

DOSRr 

DOTHI' 

DOTHRA 

DRA 

DRAM 

DRAVVRP 


DRAHAI 


DR^A 

DRUBTU 


... Sunrise. 

.. L.nul which gets tlie morning sun. 

.. Money subscribed to buy incense for wor.ship 
of the devta. 

... Dust. DhurUri-dandi. Cloud of dust: dust- 
haze. 

.. Small earthen pot, gharra. 

.. Edge of an irrigation-terrace: a].so the small 
ridge running’ along it. 

., (day : hence the daily board of a labourer. 

.. To deny what one has said : go back on one’s 
word. Dimlnd — Mnnkir gayd, 

. . Beehive. 

.. Beam. 

.. A stack or lie.n.p of corn slieave.s. 

.. Foot-bridge over a iorrent. 

.. To beat. 

.. Puffing and blowing. 

.. (1) A large bag made of three or more sheep¬ 
skins joined together, holding about three 
bhdrs of gram. Hence 
(2) A measure, equal to three bhdrs. 

.. Cross betrothfd contract, where a brother and 
sister are betrothed to a si.ster and brother. 

.. Rope. 

.. Necklace, 

( (1) Morning. 

(. (2) To-morrow morning. 

.. Maternal grandson: 

.. Scarecrow. 

.. A weight used in weighing wool, one-third of a 
hacha ser, 

.. Flooring plank. Drdward shack gain, 'The 
flooring planks have been left out/ i.e., the 
house is only a shell: the floors of the upper 
storeys have still to be supplied. 

.. A ferry man or fisherman who makes use of an 
inflated skin to help him in getting about in 
the water. 

. An inflated buffalo skin, used by drahais. 

. Scribe: wx’iter. (M.) 


61 


DRUGH 

DRUN 

DUDHNA' : 

DUHNA. 

DUGARU 

DUKHr 

DUM 

DUM8 


DUNN A' 

DUNU 

DUPURU 

DUSA'Kfir 


... Wooden grain chest, or small closet, for holding 
grain. 

... A uieasnre of grain, holding 16 'pathas : the Kulu 
“hhdr.” (M.) 

also To milk a cow or goat. 

... Wooden cup. 

... Illness. 

... Rebellion ; demonstration by a mob. 

... The area of irrigated land that can be .sown 
with a patha measure of rice seed. (Cf. 
hin^i). 

... To tell, speak. 

.. A leek. 

... Leavened bread made with wheat tionr or 
barley floor. 

... Land yielding two successive crops in the year 
(dofasU). 


P. ^ 


DADHW 

PA'Gf 

DA'L 

PALTA 

PANU': PANP 
PAG 

paganD 

PANPAL 

PEAK 

PHANGAR 

PHAGERNU 

DHANKH 

PHAG 

PHENKI 


pipu 

popA 

PORU 

PUAR 


... The wooden wheel of a water-mill, 
... A low-caste hillman. 

... A stalk of tobacco. 


An orderly. {Corruption of the Engli.sh 
word). 

A Dagi boy or girl. 

Precipice. 

Rinderpest. (S.) 

A stalk of kachdlu or yam. 

W aistband. 

The larger variety of amaranth or saridra. 

A tool used by goldsiii.Lli.s. 



... One of the lengths or logs into which the trunk 
of a tree is cut before being split up into 
plajiks or beams. 

... A small barn for storing unthreshed grain. 

... Poppy capsule. 

... (1) Blanket; (2) a pair, couple : husband and 
wife. 


... A cave,-cavern. 


62 


EWAL 

ESHO 

GA'Br 

GABU 

GAcnr 

GADf 

GADLU 

GA'MBHU 

GASH 

GACHHLA 

GABAR 

GABRU 

GAGAL 

GAGARNA 

GAHAR 


GAHLA 

GAJAR 

GALNA 

GAR 

GARAERr 
‘ GARANDH 
GARBHANTr 
GATr SATr 
GAUNA 
GHALNA 


GHAR 

GHAHAIN 


GHAHr 
GHARAt 
q^HARET 


E. ^ 

... Unbearded barley (introduced into Kulu from 
Lahul). 

This year: (also heso). 

G. H 

... Ewe. 

... Lamb. 

.., Woollen waistband or sash. 

... A man’s load of corn : twenty sheaves. 

... An earthenware vessel for churning curds in. 

... (1) A lime : (2) a woman’s breast. 

... Rain. 

... Empty. 

... Late at night. 

... A beardless youth. 

... (1) A pebble : (2) stony soil. 

... To eat and drink. 

... Land lying at a considerable elevation, about 
7,000 feet above the sea or over : applied 
both to the pastures and to the cultivated 
land at that elevation. 

... A green beetle. 

... Dusk. 

... To wither. 

... Long grass. 

.. The blackbird. 

. Rinderpest. 

... Pregnant. 

... Funeral obsequies. 

... Thick, plentiful. 

... To pay off a debt by labouring for the creditor : 
applied also to labouring for the father in 
order to gain his daughter as a wife. 

... (1). The system of letting land on kind rent 
of half tlie produce : (2) kind rent. 

... An uncultivated piece of land in the middle of 
culiivstion, from which the natural wild 
grass is cut for hay. 

... Black bear. 

... Watermill for grinding corn, 

... A collateral relative. 


63 




GHARMOT 

GHAROSA 

GHARSER 

GHARTA'S 

GHARTH 

GHATt 

GHAYA'r 

GHOTA 

GHUGHLA 


GHUGHU 

GHUNGHRU 


GIHA'NA 

GILAR 

GITHA' 

GfCHr 

GrSH 

GISHNA 

GLAO 

GOCHHllU 

GOJ 

GOLr 

GOR 

GORf 


GORU 

GOSAR 

GOSHEH 


GOTA 


... A hut; small house. 

... A poke, shove. 

... The fields immediately around the farm house! 
well manured land. 

... The wooden regulator of a watermill. 

... The stone mill-wheel: millstone. 

... Without, wanting, excepted. (Used as a post¬ 
position). 

... White rose. 

... A mildly intoxicating drink made from the fresh 
leaves of the hemp plant. (R.) 

... Conical (?;. Used in the expression ghughld 
topi, a conical cap, like a nightcap, used by 
shepherds, with a flap behind to cover the 
ears and neck. 

... A head of Indian corn. 

... A small bell-shaped pendant attached to the 
silver head ornament {tora) worn by Kulu 
women. 

... Fire: bonfire. 

... Goitre. 

. .. Fireplace. (From Angithi ?) 

... A sweet cake. 

... Above; np. 

*... To pull. 

... A spider. (R.) 

... Kerchief worn on the head by Kulu women. 

... Secretly. 

... Handmaid. 

... A wild boar’s digging. 

... The basket, (or hittd) forming the feeder for 
receiving the corn to be ground in a water¬ 
mill. 

... A bullock : cattle generally. 

... A hill path, broad enough and well enough 
made to be passable for hill cattle. 

... The custom of letting out gold or silver orna¬ 
ments on hire ; chiefly practised by widows 
who are prevented by their mourning customs 
from w'eariug their ornaments themselves. 

... A first or early sowing. 


64 


GOTNX 

GRA'SNI' 

‘ GUAHAR 
GUCHHA' 

GUGAN 
GUHARNA 
. GUN 

guna 

GUNf 

GUR 

GUTHU 

GUTr 


HARGr 

HATU 

HAK 

HANDHA 

HARDf 

HARKORt 


EARTH 

EAR 

EASE 

HATHU 

HAVAN 

HESO 

HERNA 

HIHIRT 

HU 

HIK 

HtLA-PtLA 

KING 


... To stop. (S.) 

.. Household god. (0. S.) 

... A house ighar). 

... Small loin.cloth, adjusted to a string or tape 
tied round the waist. 

... A herb. 

... To open. 

... Stout rope used for dragging beams by. 

... Blue primrose. 

... Grey monkey : langur. 

... Priest or inspired interpreter of a god’s wishes. 
... Finger. 

... Nut : fruit stone. 

H. 

... A village feast. (S.) 

... The upper portion of a weaver’s comb. 

... A shout. (Punjabi haJcal). Eah mdri (as far 
as a shout can reach). 

... Earthenware pot (gharra). 

... The small planks forming the base of a window- 
frame. 

... The stocks: (M.) [These were in use in Mandi 
State as an instrument of punishment in very 
recent times, if indeed they* do not continue 
to be so used,] 

... Wife. (0. S.) [Perhaps a corruption of 
’aurat.] 

... A flood or ‘'spate ” in a river or torrent. 

... Laud revenue. (S.) 

... A wooden scraper for collecting the sap 
exuded from poppy-heads. 

... An offering of burnt grain. 

... This year, 

... To see. 

... Blackberry. (S.) 

... Yesterday. 

... The chest, breast. 

... An earthquake. 

... The sacrifice made on the tenth day after a 
death. 


65 


HINGLU RANGU 'i 

HINGRr RANGr j Vari-coloured. 

HIUN: also mUND (I) Snow: (2) the winter (i.r., the months of 
Posh, Magh, and Phagan). 

HOCHA ... Small. Hoche mote (small and big) o£ a flock 

of sheep or similar collection coptaining both 
large and small animals. 

HURt ... Imprisoned. 


IJ 

INDRA 

ISH 


jAbal 

JAGRU 

JAJIRI' 

JAKH 

JAN 

JATRA 

JACHRI" 

JAG 

JAKNA 

JALARA: also 
JALER 

JALI' SARIARA .. 
JALOLAN 
JAMI'T 
JANDRAUN 

JANDROTI' 

JANG 

JANGLERNA .. 


I. i 

Mother. (S.) 

A spherical cake made of peasemeal. 

, Damage done to a poppy field by excessive 
snow. 

J. 

A collection of stones and boulders, e.g., the 
debris of a landslip. 

The second day of the festivities at a wedding. 

Earthquake. 

Walnut. (S.) 

A large rock. 

A fair: village festival. Jdtrd-hd-kaprd (best 
clothes). 

, A young shoot of tobacco or similar plant. 

A fair : the first day of the wedding festivities. 

, To beat. 

The “ uppers ” of a grass shoe. 

The large crimson amaranth. 

Shaving of the head. 

A partition-wall. 

Money paid as consideration for obtaining a 
wife. 

A mould for graduating the fineness of wire: 
used by goldsmiths. 

Leg. 

To delve the inside of the ridge (dihan) round 
the edge of a cultivation terrace. (This is 
done from time to time to prevent the ridge 
from becoming so broad as to encroach on 
the area available for cultivation). 


66 


JANGLI' 

JANITRU 

JAPNA 

JAR 

JARA' 


JARAHAN 


JARI' 

JARPHUN 

JARPLA 

JARL 

JATHPRA 


JATA 

JAUKHAR 

JAKHAR 

JAUMPHRr 

JAUNLP 

JAWA 

JAWAR 

JAWARU 


... Low: the lower. 

... Wedding guesfc. 

... To count, 

... A long, narrow irrigation terrace. 

... A young, blanched shoot of barley. It is a 
common practice to sow a little barley in-doors 
in a cattleshed or similar shelter : the young 
yellow shoots are offered to the village gods 
at the fairs held in the spring, and are also 
worn by the people in their head-dresses. 

... A stout nettle with large divided leaves, differ¬ 
ing in this respect from the common stinging 
nettle {ohan) which has undivided oval 
pointed leaves. It has also a more powerful 
SLing (whence probably the name, from jar, 
poisoa) aud the fibre being stronger is 
manufactured into ropes and into the material 
for the soles of hemp and grass shoes. 

... Herbs used in the manufacture of dhili or yeast 
for making bread. 

... Never-melting snow : ne'vd: glacier. 

... Wages. 

... A marsh. 


Juryman : one of the council appointed by the 
villagers in the isolated village of Malana to 
settle disputes. 

ihe beard of a head of Indian corn, 
f Brushwood. 


.. House, hut. 

.. Front. 

.. hirst or early sowing. 
.. Fever. 


.. One of the labourers employed by a villager 
when building or rebuilding his house. 
They work without remuneration on the 


mutual help principle and are rewarded only 
by a big feast. 


... Such as, like : (following the noun of compari¬ 
son). 


JEHA 




67 


JELT^ 


JERNr ' * 

JEWM 

JHXNT 

JHALANKHA'RA', 


JHANJRARA 

JHARIA'LA 


JHAWX 


JHECHA 

JHIR 

JHIJHAR 

JHOL 

JIBt 

JIJU 

JIKRU 

jtLA 

jtM 

JI'MOLU 

3tmK 

JISH 

JOCHRr 


A man whose turn it is to render forced labouf 
{hegdr). HenCe the word is applied to a man 
sent to cut hay for a traveller’s horses : and 
even to a man who has arranged to keep a 
supply of fowls for the use of travellers in 
consideration of not being required to render 
forced labour. 

, Maize sown on land from which a barley crop 
has been taken ; an early ripening variety. 

Rope. 

Hair on the body. 

The portion of the roof covering the balcony 
verandah {phirM: hdlan) surrounding the 
house. 

The re-marriage of a widow. 

Custodian of the forests under the Rajas : ap¬ 
plied now occasionally to the rdhhd or assist¬ 
ant forest guard whom the people living 
withiu a certain ai’ea are required to maintain. 

. A small flat diamond-shaped piece of silver. 
The lord, the favourite head ornament of the 
Kulu women^ is composed of these. 

. An inhabitant of the Upper Bias Valley above 
Sultanpur. 

- Brushwood. 

. Curds {chhds) or butter milk simmered and 
stirred into a porridge. 

. The main roof rafter, extending along the length 
of the'roof at the apex. 

. Worm. 

. Clothes: wearing apparel. 

. Low, lower. 

. The coarsest of three varieties of flour made 
from horse chestnuts. 

.. A flat cake made of (horse chestnut flour). 

.. To lose, be beaten. 

.. Early morning. 

Seedling. ,,j i 


68 


JOGNr 


jor 

JOKNA' 
• JOL 
JOLKA 
JOKI' 


JOT 

JOT 

JUA 

JUAR 

JUB 

JULT 

JULPHU 

JPRr 


EACH 

KACHU 

KAKHAR 

KANCHHA 

EANDLP 

KANP 


KANSr 

KANU 

KAPAR 

KAPU 


... A witch or malicious sprite, haunting a moun¬ 
tain-top or water-fall. Jogni-kd-jhdnt, a wav¬ 
ing moss or lichen growing on hharsu trees 
(quercus semi-carpifolia) at a high elevation. 

... Wife. 

... To beat; to quarrel. 

... A harrow, or flat field-roller. 

... Clothes. (0. S.) 

... Mohru or ban leaves : i.e., leaves of the quercus 
excelsa and quercus longi-folia : used as fodder 
for sheep. 

... Light; moonlight. 

... A mountain : a mountain pass. 

... Louse. 

... Another form oijawdrii (q.v,) 

... A grass which comes up as a weed in wheat 
fields, choking the corn in some cases. 

... A hole between two stones. 

... A couplet of rhyming verses. 

... A roll of tobacco leaf. (The tobacco grown in 
Kulu is of a peculiar kind, cultivated in the 
autumn harvest: the leaves are dried on the 
house top and rolled up into thin cylinders 
or rolls). 

K. Sfi 

... Short trousers. 

... A short chewal {q. v.), e.g., those on either side 
of the door. 

... Wooden mill-wheel. (S.) 

... Blackberry. (0. S.) 

... Mustard. 

... A rock reserved for husking rice upon. The 
rice is placed in a hollow in the flat surface 
of the top of the rock and husked by means 
of repeated blows from a long pole. 

... The area of irrigated land that can be sown 
with four patha-mensnYes of rice seed. 

... Rice husks or chaff. 

... A person, individual. 

... The cuckoo (also Ttupu). 


69 


KAR 

KARAL 

KARHNA 

KASH 


KASnr KARNA... 

KAsr 

KAT 

KATI 


KAYAL 

KABELA 

KAUEMNU 


KADI' 

KAHT: also KANT 

KAJERt ■ ... 

KAINTA 

KALAI 

KALAR 

KALAU 

KALANGI' 

KALAUN 

KALECHI' 

KALER DfiUT ... 


Revenue. 

The stinging nettle with divided leaf (jardhanj 
from the fibre of which ropes, &c., are made. 
(S.) 

To stir (with a spoon, &c.). 

A row of short upright planks filling the space 
between the top of the wall and the roof of 
a house. (S.) 

To twist fibre into threads. 

A small sheaf or handful of corn. 

(1) Wood, timber: (2) a beam (general term). 

(1) Shears for shearing sheep: (2) the roof 
beams forming the sides of a vertical triangle 
of which the hauri is the base. There is 
one such triangle at each gable-end of a 
house, and sometimes one in the middle as 
well. The long and slender rafters support¬ 
ing the slates or shingles rest upon the 
hcitis, 

A pine (Pimis excelsa). 

It got dark. 

The probe : one of a bunch of small surgical 
instruments carried by nearly every Kulu 
man for the benefit of his sheep, &c. 

Sometimes. 

(1) A skin: (2) a measure of grain: half a 
hhalru. 

Ivy. 

A pine cone or fir cone. 

Pea-hen (wild). 

Noon. 

A pulse. 

The crest of the mandl pheasant: a favourite 
ornament for a man’s cap. 

A forest of deodar (kelo). The etymology 
kelo + han (forest) has been suggested. 

Yellow raspberry. (S.) 

The time in the forefl,oon when the sun is pretty 
high : about 10 a.m. 


70 


KALESHA :-r ... 

Kalij pheasant. 

KALrHHN 

Bunted’’ wheat; i.e., when the grain in the 
ear turns into black powder. 

KALKA 

A small ark, holding (or constituting) the 
household god : it is kept sometimes on the 
roof, sometimes in the verandah or in-door.9. 

KANASHl' 

The peculiar dialect or language spoken by the 
inhabitants of the isolated Malana Valley 
{see Introduction). 

KANATLA 

The straw or fodder of Tcauni (a millet). 

KAN DA 

A mountain pass. 

KANDU 

A rope used at the cattle-festival {hadranjo). 
It is tied round the necks of the cattle and 
strung with leaves, and after the festival is 
hung between two trees. 

KANEJ 

The hole made at the end of a beam for in¬ 
serting the rope by which the beam is pulled 
along. 

KANEJU' 

The horizontal beams of a sdnghd bridge con¬ 
necting the central beams (paj) with the 
abutments. 

KANET 

Name of a caste. 

KANGRER 

The hams of an animal. 

KANGU 

Rust in wheat or barle}’'. 

KANIARA 

Thatching. 

KANf JAU 

Bunted ” barley. (Of. kalihun). 

KANJU 

KANKAR BAN- 

The Mil at the gable-end of a house. 

KAR 

Stony land. 

KAN.KOTAN ... 

One of the small surgical instruments carried 
by a Kulu peasant in a bunch attached to a 
chain pinned in his blanket or plaid. The 

• 

Jcan-hotan is for cleaning the ears of sheep. 

KANOL 

Stout rice straw, which has not been trodden 
by cattle in threshing. 

KANOR 

Horse chestnut {Pavia Indica). 

KANORA 

A winnowing-tut)r (0. S.) 

KAR 

Revenue, 

KARALU 

A percentage on the revenue taken in addition 
to it by officials under the Rajas. 

KARACHA more properly (itarrocTia) . Holly. 


71 


KARi^H PA'-DENA' 


KARA'S BA 
KARAKNA 
KAROG MAROQ... 
KAROHI' 


KARORU 

KAEOSHA 

KAEROCHA 

KARSHANI' 

KASAKRU 

KASAUN 

KASH 

KASHMI'R 

KATAHAU 

KATHARC 

KATHAN 

KATHRA 

KATLOSHU 

KATER 


KATH 

KATHE 

kathagli' 


katla 

KAWAI' 


To cleansQ a gold or silver ornament, just taken 
from tlie furnace, by dropping it in a paste 
{shahori) made from apricots. 

Honey-comb. 

To ninuow. 

Foot and mouth disease. 

, Goat’s flesh: especially the present of goat’s 
flesh made to the Negi of a Kothi on the 
occasion of a marriage. 

Threshing. 

Roof beam, at the end of the roof, along the 
breadth {bauri). 

Holly. 

fl). Ploughing: (2) cultivated land. 

Fresh water-crab. 

A forest of alder trees {kois). (Of. Kalam). 

Oath (corruption of qasm ?). 

The month of M^gsar (corruption by trans¬ 
position of letters). 

The first floor of a three-storied house, used 
always as a granary and store-room. 

The head man of a village or- parish under 
the rule of the Rajas. 

Bad, difiicult, precipitous (of a path). 

. A wooden vessel for holding ghi. 

, The wooden stand in which the spindle is 
placed when wool is spun with the hand. 

Land cultivated only at long intervals; as much 
as 12 years being left between the periods 
of cultivation, 

' Together (ikathan), 

. Bars carried horizontally on men’s shoulders 
to support a beam when it is being carried 
out of the forest. 

. The coai’sest kind of horse chestnut flour : the 
same as majdrd. 

. A kind of grass (like Italian rye-grass), growing 
spontaneously on land left fallow after a 
wheat crop and very good for hay. It also 
grows wild on the hill sides. 


72 


KAWA'Rr 

KELO 

KENKt 

KEPHRr 

KEUTI' 

KHAK 

KHA'PRA': -t 

KHA'W 

KHA'rr 

KHATA' 

KHAU 


KHADA 

KHAlNr 

KHAL 


KHALI^N . 

KHALRU 

KHAMBA 

KHANAJ 

KHANAN 

KHANER 

KHANI'HUN 

KHANOD 

KHANOLA 

KHAPr 


A wedge for dovetailing two beams together. 

Deodar tree. 

Alone : separate. (0. S.) 

A wooden mask, used in orgies at certain fairs 
in Kuln. 

A gold ear-ring, worn by men. (0. S.) 

Mouth. 

Old. 

A sheep (castrated). 

A hole, or cellar, in a barn. 

Curds. 

The ape^rture in the ridge round the edge of a 
cultivation terrace through which the water 
escapes. 

Broad, wide. 

Rafter supporting ceiling (synonymous with 
hharaim ). 

A small court paved with flat stones for thresh¬ 
ing and winnowing grain. The barn gener¬ 
ally adjoins it and so is often called hhal 
also, though more frequently jpardchha. 

A threshing floor in a rice field made by stamp¬ 
ing the irrigated land flat after the removal 
of the crop. 

(1) A goat-skin : (2) a measure of grain ; half 
a doJ{. 

The upright posts of the balcony-verandah 
{fhirki: bcilan). 

Buckwheat grain (analogous to andj, wheat 
flour). 

Damage, mischief. ( ? Corruption of nuhsdn 
by transposition ?). 

ATiigh bank. 

A variety of wheat with bearded ears and red¬ 
dish grain. 

The go-between in the arrangements for a 
marriage. 

Thick rice straw. (Cf. Kanol). 

(1) Mustard leaves dried and used as a vege¬ 
table in the winter ; (2) Tinder for the [flint 
and steel, the fluff of various shrubs. 


73 


KHAR^ 

KHARANT 

... Good. 

... The beams at the gable-ends of a house for 
supporting the frame-work of the roof. (0. 

KHARrRA 

KHAROnr 

KHARORNA' 

KHARYA'N 

s.) 

... Fowl-house. 

... Bad luck. 

... To rake straAV with the threshing fork. 

... The lowest roof-rafter^ thicker than the upper 

ones. 

KBATANG 

KHATNA 

... Hemp plant bearing female flowers. 

... To work : Jchati harne Simla gayd (he went to 
Simla to get work). 

KHAWA'sr 

KHERl' 

KHIA'RU 

... A concubine. 

... A small winnowing tub. 

... A closet for sheltering calves in the ground- 
floor of a house, which is always used as the 

KHIL 

cattle-shed. 

... (1). Flower: hhilna (to blossom) : (2) the wall 
supporting a cultivation-terrace. 

KHILA 

KHOL 

... (1) Empty : (2) fallow. 

... A water-course which is dry except in times of 
rainfall. 

KHONA 

KHONJNA 

KHONNA 

KHUNDt 

KHUNDU 

KHUNKSHr 

... To spread manure. 

... To expel. 

... To give water from the canal to a rice-field. 

... Nose-ring. 

... A small cultivation-teiwace. 

Silver hook for attaching the torci (a silver 
ornament) to the kerchief worn over their 

KlAR 

hair by Kuln women. 

... Terraced land irrigated by cuts from hill- 
streams. (S.) 

KrLNr 

kirta 

... A small hoe. 

... ’\ Basket or oreal carried on the back. (So writ- 
i ten by the natives: the Jcilta of English 

KIRRA 

KIRS 

KI'S 

KOCHRr 

KOHAL 

KOHARA 

KOISH 

... ) books). 

Enmity. (Transposition of the letters of rihs). 
The beard of the ear of cereals. 

... A small cultivation-terrace. 

... Volichos Sinensis. 

... Haze (caused by dust or by heat). 

... Alder tree. 


74 


KOKAL 

KOL 

KOLA 

KOR 

KORA 

KOSHA 

KOTHRU 

KOTNA 

KOTHI' 

KRI'PA 

KRLRr 

KUA 

KUOr ' 

KULARL 

KUL BTL 

KULTH 

KUMURKH 

KUNDHI' 

KUNGASH 


KUNI' 


KUNTHA 

KUNU 

KUPU 

KURAM 

KURP 

KUSKTHI' 

KUT BHARNA 

KUTHIALA 

KUTLI' 


... A pulse sown sometimes along with Indian coru. 
(R.) 

... Oil-press. 

... A small roof-shingle. 

....Above. (S.) [Of. /iiV (2)]. 

... (1) Blind: (2) blanks not written upon. 

... A wooden platter. 

... A large cnllivation-terrace. 

... d’o hoe, to dig. 

... A circuit of villages under ■ the control of a 
Negi. 


... Kindness. 

... A boys’ game. 

... A pulse. 

... Rosa Bninonis. 

... The morning meal, 

... Altogether, entirely {bil-Jcul). 

... (1) Butter: (2) .sheep-skin: (3) a pulse. 
... Scoundrel. 

... Kiln for iron-smelting. 

... The common stinging nettle. (S.) 
Kdrall • 


[Of. 


The angle at the meeting of the end and side 

walls of a house. Kat-hi-hiini is the term ap¬ 
plied to an extravagant style of house build¬ 
ing in which each side cheicai rests upon an 
end chewal and consequently more timber is 
used than stone and the angle of meeting of 
the side and end walls forms a continuous 
, edge of wood. 


... Ooat. 

... A stack of rice straw or of hay. 

... The cuckoo. 

... Related through the betrothal of near relatives. 
... (1) A small tank : (2) a hut. 

... Leper. 

... To pay interest. 

... Treasurer : custodian of the royal granary. 

... A block of cultivation terraced on a steep hill 
side; 


KUT: KDTAL 


KUTNA' 


LAHTU 
LA'PH 
LA'PA' 
LA'RKI' 


LA'S 


LA'TA 

LAULI' 


LADA' 

LAGAN 

LAGCHA'll 

LAGERNA 


LAKAR DA DA ... 
LAlota 
LANAUN 

LAR 

LARJA 

LASAN 

LASNl' SARIARA 
LATA PHATA ... 
LER 
LIGA':-I' 

LINGNA 


75 

Cultivated land lying at a liigli elevation 
(above the gahar) yielding in the coui\se of 
two years only two crops, buckwheat follow¬ 
ed by wheat. 

To husk grain : to pound. 

L. ^ 

Fleece : a wisp of wool. 

Singing, scorching. 

Husband : lari (wife). 

A series of long nets set up one behind the 
other along the ridge of a hill in order to 
catch hawks. 

Unfinished: not yet woi-ked up (of a felled 
tree which has not yet been cut up into 
planks). 

Lame. 

A long wisp of hay hung up on a tree to be 
dried in the sun. 

A pancake made of horse-chestnut flour {sik). 

Marriage ceremony. 

Ceremonies. 

To force rice-seed to sprout before sowing by 
moistening it and keeping it in a warm 
place. 

Grandfather’s grandfather. 

Haystack. (0. S.) 

Reaping (from lun-nd ; cf. khachaiin from 
khuchnd.) 

A ram. 

Binding-beam {cheical, q, r.) 

Landslip. 

Crimson amaranth. 

Moveable property. 

A wail, lamentation. 

Moist, wet. (Transposition of letters of gild). 

Tail. Shdll-hl-lingnd (lit., jackal’s tail : wild 
tobacco plant ; known in the plains as gidar 
kd tamdku.) 


76 


LINGRI 


LINGTr 

LISRr 

LOA'D 

LOBHt 

LOGAR 

LOJH 

LORNA' 


LUGRI' 

LUHA'NG 

LUHAR 

LUKNA' 

^LUKNr 

LUMJA 

LUMRf 

LUNDUr 

LUND 

LURr 

LUSNA' 

LUTLA' 


MANJUr 

MAOLx\' 

MA'RAN 

MA'THA 

MA'TRr 

MAGllA 

MAHARA' 

MAHU 

MAJARA 

MAKUrii 

MAKUr 


... Edible fern. (The young fronds, just emerg¬ 
ing above the ground make an excellent 
vegetable or curry). 

... The first day (or sdjd) of the month of Ghetar. 
... Blackberry. 

... Children : descendants. (Transposition of the 
letters of auldd). 

... Covetous. (O. S.) 

... Club, stick. 

... Symplocos Cratsegoides. 

... To want, require. Lori, with the infinitive of 
another verb, It is necessary to...,” “It 
must be...” 

... Beer made from rice or millet. 

... Red. 

... Saridra chaff. 

... To hide. 

... A grub which forms nets like cob-webs in trees. 
... A jar of lugri or hill-beer. 

... A kind of bread. 

... Osmunda Uegalis. 

... Adulterer. 

... A tendril. 

... To fall down. 

... A variety of wheat with white grain and un- 
bearded ears. 

M. ^ 

... A grass from which ropes and grass shoes are 
made (bagrd). 

.3. Maternal uncle. 

... Elm-tree. 

... Forehead. 

... Mortgage. (0. S.) 

... A spout for drawing water off a spring. 

... A buffalo-sbed. 

... A bee. 

... Ife coarsest kind of horse-chestuut-fiour. 

... Honey. 

... Ti.e wedge couiiectlno: a piniilel (.air of chewal 
in a wall. 


77 


MAL^r 

MALCHEKAR 

MALE 

MALBLA 

MALES - 

MAMPr 

MANDAR 

MANDRA 

MANDREULr 

MANURt 

MANDAr 

MANDHAL 

mandna 

MANJAT 
MANJfT [ 
MANJEWTA ) 
MANSHU 
MAHAKH 


MARHAUN 

MARKAL 

MASRU 

MATH]' 

MATHINGLA 

MAWRI' 

MEDl' 

MELAXr 

MEND 

MER 


MERA 

MET 

MICH 


... The laying in of a supply of salt (from the salt 
quarries in Mandi State). 

... Manure. 

... A kind of wild grape. 

... Yeast, (also MALERA.) 

... Bird cherry. 

..... A kiss. 

... (1). A temple. (2). A roof (0. S.) 

... Broad, thin, ear-rings of glass worn by jogis, 

... The strings forming the frame of a rice-straw 
mat. 

... A mat of plaited rice-straw. 

... Threshing. 

... A mask made of wood. (S.) 

... To thresh (grain) : to bleach (cloth.) 

^ Land at a medium elevation (5,000 to 7,000 
O.S. s feet above the .°ea) favourably situated for 
L the production of most Himalayan cereals. 

... A box, chest. 

... (1). The relations of one’s wife, or the house 
in which they live. (2). Maternal uncle’s 
house. 

... A grove of forest of oak trees (morhu, quercus 
excelsa). 

... A goldsmith’s mould. 

... A sort of silk cloth. 

... Many : numerous. 

... A handful of parched-barley-llour [satu). 

... A kind of rice, often grown in unirrigated 
land. 

... A bee-hive — usually a sort of box fitted into the 
wall of the house. (S.) 

... Black, well-manured soil. 

... An iron rod for breaking up hard soil. 

... The floor of a room or of the whole of one floor 
of a house. Mernd, to lay down the planks 
of a floor. 

... Kindness, (0. S.) 

... Wall of a house; especially the stone-work 
of it. 

... Female. 


78 


MI'NA' 

MIRG 

MIRGHSANDAT. 


MfRU 

MI'T 

MITAR 

MflARKA' 

MODI' 

MORI' 

MORHU 

MOUJKl' 

MOWA'NI' 


MRICHH 


MUCHNA 

MUDxA 

MUKTl' 

MUL 

MULl' 

MUL MAN 

MUNAl' 

MUND 

aJUNDRl' 

MUNGRl' 

munna 


.. Enamel. 

. Pantiler. 

The month between the 15tb of Jeth and the 
15th of Kay, the hottest time of the year in 
Kulu. 

. The wooden stem of a hookah or hiibhle-huhhle 
pipe. 

. (1) Cash wage: (I.S.) (2) friend. 

. (I) Friend: (2) brother-in-law. 

. High caste : kanet (said to be derived from 
hhitar-kd ‘ of the inner circle^). 

. Grain merchauC store keeper. 

. Wheat or Indian corn, parched. 

. A kind of oak [quercus excelsa). 

. Voluntarily". 

. The headmen of villages in remote times before 
even the rule of the Thakurs (who were dis¬ 
placed by the Rajas) had begun. To them 
is attributed the construction of many stair¬ 
cases and buildings in cut-stone which the 
people of the present day have lost the art 
of building. 

, A fabulous race of men said to have been em¬ 
ployed by the mowdni to build the above- 
mentioned staircases, &c. 

To knead. 

(1) Woman, wife: (2) betrothal expenses. 

Free : freedom. 

. Pig : the bigger : the cider. 

, Entirely : at all. 

, True mother (as distinguished from step¬ 
mother) . 

Shearing, 

Head. 

The cross-bar connecting each pair of kathagli 
or bars for carrying purposes. 

Wooden mallet, used for breaking iron ore, for 
crushing horse-chestnuts, &c. 

To shear. 


79 


Ni^LU' 

NA'NDi^ 

NA'R 

NA'HA'T 


NAS 


NATA 


nabah 

NAirr 

NAHLU' 

NAIN 

NAKCHUNDr 


NALU 

NABEL 

NARNU 


NASHNA 

NATHNA 

NATAUTI' 


NAWARr 


NEGr 

NEJir 


NENA 

NERf 


N. ^ 

... Shuttle. 

r.. A stammerer : stutterer. 

... Womnu. 

... Separate (NARAT KARNA). To put out of 
caste. 

..j (1) Ruiu, destruction: (2) beam placed across 
the face of a building with open front, such 
as a temple or barn, to support the rafters 
on which rest the planks of the ceiliuGf. 

... Ihe main roof rafter extending the length of 
tlie roof at its apex. 

... Pertaining to the higher hills: highland. 

... The part of a hoohah or h'uhble-huhhte stem 
up which the water is sucked. 

... Caul. 

... The eye j a glance. 

... A small forceps : one of the buuch of surgica 
instruments for sheep carried by the Aulu 
peasant on his chain. 

... A small cylindrical case, of cane or wood, for 
holding papers. 

. . Small cistern for holding water in a hooJcah 
or huhhie-buhble. 

... The knife used for making the incisions in 
poppy heads through which the poppy-juice 
exudes. 

I To go, to move. Nathd mdgsar. 

i ‘ Last mdgsw',’ ‘ last November.' 

... The horizontal beams in the phirki . or bdlan 
(balcony-verandah) into which fit the beams 
tliat wall it in. 

... An early meal partaken of by the peasant 
before he sta,rts for his day’s meal : generally 
the leavings of the evening meal. 

... Headman of a hothi, or circuit of hamlets. 

... The beams projecting from the abutment of a 
sdnghd bridge to support the main horizontal 
beams (paj)- 

... To bring: new, bfought,’ ) 

... Separate, " " ' ' ■ 


80 


NEWAL 

NiA'nr 

NIA'RA' 

NIA'RIE 

NIA'SHNA 


NIAUKARU 


NIBAN 

NIBAR 

NICHA 

NlHARf 

NIHAS 

NIHASr 

NIKALDA 

NIKAMSINOr 

NIMBAL 

NI'NDNA 

NIPAT 

NI^R 

NLSHRANI' 

NISHTr 

NfULA 

NrUNA 

NOTHNA 

NOTHA 

NUNU 


OCHHRr 

OGAL 

ORTA.PORTA 


. Low-ljing land, less than 5,000 fl. above the 
sea. (0. S.) 

. The spring harvest: Bahi crop. 

. Separate. 

. Men who supply goldsmiths with tools and also 
buy the sweepings of their shops, 

; To smoothe off the outside of the ridge at the 
edge of a cultivation-terrace in irrigated 
land. 

. A man who elopes with another man’s wife but 
settles the matter with her husband and is 
not .obliged to cross tho border. (Cf. 
Dhiidlkaru). 

. To be finished. 

. Entirely, completely. 

. Certain. 

. A holy day : day set apart for appeasing a 
jogni or witch. 

, Lower. (Cf. pidnd.) 

. Field boundary. 

The east (i.e., the quarter from which the sun 
comes foitli.) 

. A fabrication : lying story. 

. Drought; fair weather. 

, To weed. 

, False : fabricated. 

. The water-carrier attached to a temple. 

, A watering to a field from a canal. 

. Below. 

. A vegetable gravy made from mdsh. 

. To take away. 

. (Another form of nathnd). To move, go. 

. A sheaf of four pulas. 

Fruit, berry. 

O. 

The nursery in which rice is first sown and 
from which it is planted out in the fields. 

Pink-flowered- buck-wheat. {Fogopyrvm es 
culentum.) 

Hither and thither. (0. S.) 



81 


PACHHNi^ 

PiiCHr 

PAL 

PA'LA' 


PALSARA 


PALU 

PAND 

PATr 


PATLA 

PATH 

PACHNA 

PAHUR 


PAIKHU 

PAIRU 

PAJ 


PAJAS : also 
JAH. 


P. ^ 

... To split timber with the axe. 

... The ceremonies performed on the 13th daj after 
a death. 

... Long. 

... (1). Apple. 

(2). Time, turn, ‘ spell.’ Hence applied to the 
men who, under the forced labour system, 
were kept in readiness at each stage through¬ 
out Kulu to bo ready to carry a traveller’s 
bagage or to fetch supplies for him, each 
village taking it in turn {paid) to supply the 
men. 

... The headman of a ‘ Jcothi’ or circuit of hamlets. 
The term is still used in Mandi State, but 
has been replaced by the name NEGIinKulu. 

... Little : tliin : junior. 

... The top storey of a house. (0. S.). 

... The planks (generally large and long) forming 
the floor of the balcony-verandah {hdlan: 
phirkv) surrounding a Kulu house. {See 
CHAWRI). 

... Thin. 

... Sacred Hindu text. 

... To slit the poppy-head for the excision of the 
opium juice. 

... (1). Betrothal feast. 

(2). A present of askalu (cakes of ground rice) 
made to female relatives in the month of 
Mdgh. 

... The low caste attendant (a pdgi) employed at 
funeral ceremonies. 

... Goat. 

... (1). Wild cherry. 

(2). The large horizontal beams of a 

bridge. They occupy the centre of the bi d, 
resting at either end on beams {neju) w^ach 
slope up from the stone abutments into which 
they are,built. 

PAN- The roof-beam extending the breadth of the roof 
at each gable-end, supporting the framework. 


82 


PAJNi^ 

PAJORr 


PALAUNr 

PALECHHA 

PALEpr 


PALENJA 

PALHA'L 

PALUHA 

PANDHE 

PANDOL 

PANGU 

PANIALA 

PANIHA'R 

PANJARf 


PANOHAL 

PANYALr 

PAPRALA 

PARACHA 

PARAL 

PARALr 

PARASHA 

PARESHA 

PARATMr 

PARAYA 

PARDHAN 

PARJA 

PARNAT 

PARSORr 

PARTINI' 

PARVISHTA 

PASAJU 

PASHOKRA 


... To produce,Ijear (of land). 

... Old terra for the assistant of a pdUard or negi: 
the head of a phdti or smaller collection of 
villages than a hothi j now called a lambarddr 
in Kuln. 

... Land so situated on the hillside that it gets the 
morning sun early. 

... Yellow raspberry. (0. S.). 

... An arrangement by which a tenant borrows the 
bullocks of his landlord and in return gives 
so many days of his own labour. 

... A fork for turning over corn. 

... Shepherd. 

... Twigs of brushwood : summer fodder for sheep. 

... On, upon. 

... The crest of a mountain-ridge. 

... Branch, bough. 

... Small-pox. 

... A watering place at a river, or stream. 

... The horizontal beams of a balcony-verandah 
{phirU: hdlan) forming the framework into 
which fit the vertical planks that wall it in. 

... Hay. (0. S,). 


... Irrigated land. 

... A hawk-trader. 

... A detached granary or barn: 
part of it is inhabited. 

} rice-straw. 

> ) T- , 

I Light ; a torch. 


occasionally a 


Of or belonging to another. 

... One of the stouter rooLbeams. (S.). 

A slw^°^^^' subjects (as opposed to the Rdjd). 
... A generation. 

n the waist and loina. 

... Day of the mouth. 


83 


PATHA' 

PATHA'WARr 

PATIA'SHNA' 

PATfKA 

patishta 

PATr SINDHE . 
PATHU 


PATRUr 

PATSELr 

PATH 

PAURr 

PAUSHA MAir . 
PECHNA 


PESHDA 


PETH 

PHAG 

PHANDONA 

PHAP 

PHAPSNA 

PHAT 


PHATr 


PHALAR 

PHALARI" 

PHALI' 

PHALTA 

PHANDHARr 


... A measure of grain ; holding about two 
sers (4 Ih) of barley. 

... Deodar pollen. 

... To plough into furrows.* 

... Erect. 

Purification; the ceremonial cleansing of the 
nose-ring at a wedding, or of a new house. 

.. Altogether. 

.. Small silver pendants attached to the edge of 
the lord or silver head ornament worn by 
women. 

.. A small brass cauldron. 

.. Blanket. (O. S.). 

., All: altogether. 

.. One side of the balcony- verandah {phirM ; 
bdlan). 

A light, sandy loam. 

.. To pull down, {e.g., a house, partially or wholly s 
ka7id pechi, they broke through the wall of 
the house). To pull up {e.g., rice-shoots from 
the nursery). 

.. The beginning of a month, the first half, The 
latter half is referred to as CHUTDA. 

.. A pumpkin. 

.. Bonfire lighted at the Mali festival. 

.. To clean wool. 

.. A kind of yeast or ferment brought from Ladak, 
used in the brewing of lugri or hill-beer. 

,. To feel with the hand : touch. 

. (1) An open space in the forest, near a village: 
(2) a bit of hillside appropriated by a land- 
owner or landowners for the production of 
hay. 

.. A circle oE villages : smaller than a kothi which 
contains two to six or more phdtis. 

■) Horse chestnut flour of the finer kind. Hence 

) also ‘ fast-day food.’ 

.. A plank : a ropf-shingle. 

Plank : roofeshingle. 

.. Priest. 


84 


PF'PHLU 

PKV'PHRU 

va^R 

PH4RAKNA' 
PHARAHRI' 
PHARJ: or] 

PHARSH j 

PHAROaAL 

PHATIK 

PHATKPr 

PHAULr 

PHAURr 

PHAURA 

PHEDir 

PHETA 

PHIMPHRr 

PHIMRA 

PHIRKt 


PHUBU 

PHUKHNA 

PHU'Kr 

PHULANG 

PHUL-TrKA 

PHURP 

PIAND 

PIARNA 

prcH 

PICHHAUWA 
PIHRU' 
PINDA ' 

• ''i/ir 
p Npr 
p ' 


, Wooden scraper for removing raw opium from 
a poppy-head. 

. A kind of sorrel, eaten as a vegetable. 

. The higher land : the hill-tops. (S.). 

. To wash : to shake up in a sieve. 

. A flag. 

■ Tbe day before yesterday. 

, Land set aside for the maintanence of an un¬ 
married female member of a family. 

. Chrystal. 

. Cattle anthrax. 

. A two-legged stool carried by a sddhu. 

. Paddle used by the swimmers who make use of 
inflated skins. 

, Wooden hoe. 

. Ficus caricordes. 

. (l)Long: (2) Straight: (3) Level; along the 
level. 

. Butterfly. {Hindi Bhinhiri). 

. A porridge made of amaranth grain {mridrd). 

. The balcony-verandah protruding from and 
surrounding the upper storey of a Kulu house, 
generally closed in with planks so as to form 
a sort of extra room. 

Knoll: hillock. 

. To burn. 

Soul: heart. 

. Henap plant bearing male flowei’s. 

Adornment. 

.. Storey of a house. 

.. Upper. (Cf. nihdr). 

.. To understand. 

.. Rice water. 

.. A late or second sowing. 

.. A sheep or goat. 

.. A fleece. 

.. A house. (0. S.). 

... ^Wllus. 

...A doubie'handful of satu. 


85 


pi'Nr 

VtRKt 

PrRNA' 

prR 

PfRA 

prpLf 

PrSHAN 

prrHA 

pru 

PlYAR 
PO ; also PAf 


POGLir 


POHLU' 

POLA 

POROHA 

POSH 

POTLA 


POTRP 

PRALA 

PHAMH 

PRAMA 

PRATP PADA 

PUHAL 

PU'LA 


... A bush bearing fruit somewhat resembling 
currants. 

... Fee for pressing oil from mustard seed, &c. 

... To express oil. 

,.. Pain : ache. 

... Tight. 

... Red-pepper plant. 

... To grind : grinding. 

... Flour. 

... A small bird with a mournful call. 

.., A kind of cha'pdttA. 

... A fir {Alias wehhiana) (0. S.) [called Tos 
elsewhere.] 

... An ordeal by which Ihe rights of two rival 
claimants are tried: each lets loose a goat 
and the one which '' shivers” first is given the 
victory. 

... Hay. (O. S.) 

... Hollow (of a tree : also of grain in a bad 
harvest). 

... A place by the wayside where a man stations 
himself to give or sell water to way.farers. 

... (I) The month of Poh :' (2) cold. 

... (1) A brass cauldron : (2) rice which has been 
husked in a mill. The mill does not remove 
the husk so completely as does pounding 
with a [tdle.”' ' 

... A bundle. 

... Sunny : land that gets the morning sun. 

... Mason : assistant to the ihdui or carpenter. 

... Masonry work. 

... The first quarter of the moon. 

... Shepherd: also palhdl. 

... (1) Grass shoes, i.e., shoes of i^hich the 
uppers are made of rice-straw, or munji 
grass, or hemp, and the soles of nettle or 
hemp fibre. Those made of hemp are known 
as UTwdi puld : (2) a small sheaf, contain¬ 
ing two Jcdsi or handfuls. 

... A man who cjeaps^'^ooJ. 


p'umbA 


86 


PUNG 

PUNG 

PUNJ 

PUNNA' 

PUNT A' 

PUNU 

PUR 

PUTUHRU 

... Edge: border. (R.) 

j. (1) A terraced field : (2) shade. 

... To winnow. 

... A winnowing place. 

... Full moon. 

... Storey of a house. 

... Baked bread. 

RACK 

RACHT 

RAI 

RAKH 

R. 

The teeth of a weaver’s comb. 

,.. Night. (S.) 

.. A fir {Abies smithuina). 

.. Ashes : especially the smear of ashes made on 
a heap of garnered grain with a view to the 
detection of theft. 

RAND 

.. Compensation paid to an injured husband by 
an adulterer. 

RAB 

.. Kachdlu or yams, when cut and ready for eat- 
ing. 

RACHKAT 

RAGUA 

RAKHAL 
RAMBRA 1 

RAMRA J 

RANDOL 

RANGAN 

RASATN 

•RASOI' 

RATACH 

Weaving machine. 

Peach-stone. 

.. Yew tree. 

Good : in good condition. 

. Widow. 

. Dolichos Sinensis. (0. S ) 

,. Adulterated opium. 

Kitchen : cooking place. 

. A species of mortgage by which a piece of land 
is hypothecated for a number of years in 
payment of both interest and principal of a 
debt. (0. S. Cf. ShdJch charaun). 

RATrj' ^N , ... 

^ . •* 

RBA^ N ^ 

REKd CHEKH ... 
RETRf 

RIALU 

RIATA 

i 

, The variety of wheat with reddish grain and 
bearded ears. 

. A washing trough. 

Demarcation of a boundary. 

, A goldsmith’s file. 

Pine or fir needles {rai, tos, or Jeelo). 

Plot of land reserved as a nursery for seedling 
rice in irrigated land. 


87 


RiJNi: 

To ferment. 

RIKS.-also RIST... 

Enmity. 

RIN 

(1) Debt: (2) an advance of seed grain, pay* 
able at harvest time with 25 per cent, in¬ 
terest. 

RINGTTJ 

One of the logs into which a felled tree is cut 
before being worked up into planks and 
beams. 

RINGHA'L 

Hornet. 

Ri'Nr 

(1) Mistletoe; (2) a debton 

RINNA 

To boil: to fry. 

RI'T 

Season of the year. 

RriH 

Sheep. (S.) 

RtTI' 

Custom. (S.) 

RIUN 

Wooden trough. (S.) 

ROPA 

Terraced cultivation irrigated from hill- 
streams. 

RORA' 

Roof rafter, supporting the slates or shingles. 

RORHr 

A boundary pillar. 

RUA 

Small comb used in weaving. 

RUB 

A sheep. 

RUECHRA 

Nursery for rice seedlings. (0. S.) 

RUHNr 

The planting out of rice from the nursery into 
the fields. 

RUKHA 

Insipid: dry. 

RUNDA 

One of the lengths into which a felled tree is 
cut before it is split up into planks or beams. 

RUNDLP 

A variety of wheat with white grain and bearded 
ears. 

RUP-RUP 

Twilight. 

RURH 

Drought: hot weather, 

s. ^ 

SA; also SO 

A meadow or lawn sacred to a devtd and 
reserved for fairs and religious ceremonies. 

SAJA 

The first day of a month. 

SAJH 

The steel of a flint and steel. 

SAKE or SAKHr 

A witness. 

SALHOR 

An offering of flowers made to the devtd on the 
first (or sdjd) of Jeth. 

SALRU 

A dark-coloured snake. 


88 


SA^NGH^ 

SA'R 

SAWRr 

SABAHNA 

SADA 

SADLALA 

SAGAN 

SAGNA 

SAHRAJ 

SAt 

SATGARNA 

SAI'N 


sakla 

SALAB 
SALOH 
SALUr 
SAM AD 

SAMPHIA . ... 
SAN: also SANJH 
SANGHE 
SANGLl' 

SANGRI' 

SANJEWTA 

SANjerwA 

SANKALAP 

SANPATRr 

SANTEA 

SAPINDP 

SARAL 

sarjara 

SARtT 

SARLU 


Large wooden-bridge. 

Ashes: cinders. (S.) 

A roof-shingle put on to cover the line ol 
junction of two other shingles. 

To send a bride to her husband. 

For ever. 

A fair, village festival. 

A charm against bad luck. 

To steep in water. 

The land towards the top of a mountain ridge: 

highland (0. S.) 

A man : a prisoner. 

To make (0. S.) 

An offering to the deota of flowers or corn 
hung up on the wall of a house on the first 
day {sdjd) of Baisakh. 

A stone mould for making spherical cakes 
{as Jcalu). 

Boring-stob used by goldsmiths. 

Locust. 

A fresh water fish. 

Message: assignation. 

Power: ability. 

Evening : Sand (at evening). 

Together : along with. 

A chain (applied to any kind of chain from a 
door chain to a fine gold chain). 

A narrow cultivation-terrace. 

Saphidus detergeus. 

At night-fall. 

A religious gift. 

Narcissus flower. 

A deed : written authority : document. 

Funeral feast ou the eleventh day after a 
death. 

A light-coloured snake. 

Amaranth, a favourite crop in highlying culti¬ 
vation. 

A concubine. 

Land dotted with bushes. 


89 


SARNU 


SARU 

SARYAKARNA.. 

satanaja 


SATHRA 

SATU 

SATWA 

satduar 

SATHir 


SAUKHAN 


SAUKHANUTRU 

SEL 

SELRA 

SENSr 

SEPH 

SER 

SERA 

SERr 

SERKAPIIA 

SES 


SEU' 

SEWAK 

sr 

SIA'RA 


. One of fhe surgical instruments carried by a 
Kniu peasant on the chain pinned in his 
blanket: a hatchet-shaped lancet for operat¬ 
ing on sheep with. 

Hail. 

. To recognise. 

. A mixture of seven kinds of grain thrown forth 
on the road or in a waste place as an offer¬ 
ing to secure good luck for an enterprise. 

, Bedding: san saiferd (adultery). 

. Baidey grain parched and ground. 

. Sleep : a nap. 

, Interest or profit at the rate of two on every 
seven. 

. Indian corn; an early ripening variety, ready 
in 60 days from the date of sowing, and 
therefore sown in succession to a barley 
crop. 

, Fellow wife : term used by a woman in a poly¬ 
gamous household when referring to one of 
her husband’s other wives. 

Son of a fellow-wife : stepson. 

, (1) Fibre (of hemp, nettle, &c.): (2) goat’s 
hair. 

, Pine rozen. 

. Goldsmith’s pincers. 

, Spherical cakes made of kulth. 

A plot or block of cultivation. 

Large crimson amaranth (saridrd), (S.) 

, Common land. 

Food and clothing : maintenance. 

Anything pertaining to a deoUi or god : e,g., 
the clothes with which the idol has been 
dressed, flowers, &c., used in his worship, &c,, 
which the “ faithful ” like to carry away to 
bring good luck on their house. 

, Large wooden bridge {sdnghd). 

Servant : village servant. 

, Tiger. 

Wild peas. 


90 


SIDHU' 

sric 


SfKNA' 

SIL 
SIRAN 
siRf Bmr 

SrRA 

SOCH 
SOCHNA 
SOG 
SOHAN 
SOHORU' or 
SHOHORU 
SOHORr or 
SHOHORr 
SONCHNA 

SORAL 

SORr or SOLr ... 

SORr BHANG ... 
SORr MASERr ... 
SORr 
SUACHAR 

SUCH A 
SQCHET 

SUHANG:SUHAN. 

GARAKHEL ... 
SUHAN 


A disli formed of millet [hauni or chini) boiled 
with curds and water. (O. S.) 

Flour made from horse chestnuts which have 
been steeped in water to remove the bitter 
taste. 

d’o wave : move up and down {e.g., of a flag in 
signalling or surveying). 

An ear of grain. 

Threshing fork. 

A barter of one commodity for another, weight 
for weight. 

A cake of wheat and‘barley flour mixed, 
flavoured with poppy-seeds. 

Days of mourning. 

To purify. 

A sacrifice made on the lOtli day after a death. 

Wooden gutter on the roof. 

A boy. 

A girl. 

To appease the d°.vtd or god in order to attain 
one’s wish. 

Large stinging nettle (kdral: jardhan) from 
the fibre of which ropes, &c., are made. 

A narrovv shingle, protecting the line of junction 
of two larger ones. 

Wild hemp. 

Sons of sisters. 

A payment. 

Land lying at a considerable elevation {about 
7,000 feet above the sea). (Cf. Gahar). 

Purified. 

Relieving nature. 


A play, comedy, farce. 

(1) A wild grass making good hay : it springs 
up spontaneously in fallows left after a wheat 
crop. (0. S.) (2) Large roof beam. (O.S.) 


91 


sur 


SUKH^NA 

SITL : also SU'R 

SULE 

SU'Ni^ 

SUNGHNA 

SUT 

SirPPA'RNA 

SUPNA 

SU'R 

SUWA'NA 

SUWARNA' 


SHA'OHNA 
SHAHAL mat I' .. 
SHAKE CHARA- 
UN. 


shakhra 

SEAL 

SEALP 

SEAN 


SEAND 


SHANGLU' 


. The pai'fc of the wedding ceremony at which 
the bride marks the foreheads of the wedding 
guests v/ith the UM. 

, To take a dislike to a person. 

, Pine needles (of Finns ex-cdsa or Pinus longi- 
folia). 

Gently, slowly. 

, Empty. 

To collect cut grain in order to build it into 
stacks. 

A sieve for winnowing. 

To winnow. 

To dream. 

A kind of beer made from millet. 

A path up a hillside rising in made stone steps 
like a rough staircase. 

To make, construct. 

SE. 

(Of a fire or conflagration) To break out. 

Sandy soil; as opposed to gon mati (clay soil). 

A species of mortgage under which the property 

. hypothecated is handed over to the creditor 
for a fixed period at the end of which the 
principal as well as the interest of the debt 
is considered discharged. 

A calf : a bullock not yet taught to plough. 

A shed for holding hay or foi- sheltering sheep 
or cattle. 

Jackal (also Shah a r). 

A breaking up of the surface soil of a field (and 
of the crop on it) due to the melting of the 
snow. 

. One of the twelve-years-cycle of triennial fairs 
at Nirmand in Outer Saraj : that preceding 
the chief fair, known as Bhunda. The other 
two are called Bhadoji and Bhatpur. 

. A chain : especially the fine chain of brass or 
steel pinned across the breast of a peasant 
and supporting his bunch of veterinary 
instruments. 


SHA'NI' 

SHAR 

SHA'RSHU' 


SHAGRIA'T 
SHAHAR 
SHAIR also 
SHAUAR 


SHAKEO 

SHAKORt 


SHALETA 


SHALfTRA 

SHANDAR 

SHANDRALARr.. 

SHANIAR 

SHAR 


SHARALAN 

SHARINDA 


SHARKrJANA 


SHARULr 


SHASHU 

SHEH 


92 

. A branch, bough. 

. A plain. 

. (1) A kind of grass which springs up in land 
irrigated in the autumn, but left fallow in the 
spring ; hence (2) applied to such land. 

. Chrystal. (S). 

. Jackal. 

. (1) The autumn (i. e., the three months of 
Asauj, Katik and Maghar) : (2) the autumn 
harvest (Kharif). 

. Dried buckwheat leaves. 

. A paste formed of dried apricots boiled with 
water; used by goldsmiths to cleanse orna¬ 
ments fresh from the furnace, 

, Land on which wheat is grown regularly every 
spring, while in the autumn, left fallow, it 
yields a spontaneous crop of hawdi grass. 
(0. S.) 

. Indian corn cob. 

. A goldsmith’s tools. 

. A bag for holding tools. 

. An autumn fallow. 

. The horizontal beams forming the framework 
of the wooden balcony verandah (phirki 
hdlan), surrounding a house. Also applied 
in Rupi and Inner Saraj to the vertical 
props in the same structure. 

. The top terraces in a block of irrigated culti¬ 
vation. 

. A large round beam fitted on to the vertex of 
a roof to prevent moisture from penetrating 
within, 

. (Of a crop) to turn out badly, as when owing 
to drought the ears of corn do not fill 
properly. 

A plant of which the dried leaves are used in 
mat-making : the flower resembles a snake’s 
head. 

. Mother-in-law. 

. A grass. (The same as 8uhan, q.v.) 


93 


SHEL 

... Hemp fibre. 

SHERr 

... Mustard plant: sarson. 

SHETA 

... White. 

SHETNi^ 

... To let loose, let go. 

KSHIBRi^T 

... The raiuy season (transposition of the letters 
of harsdt: and per contra the name of the 
spring festival, the Shibratrf is twisted into 
Barsati) 

SHIGAR 

... Tree bark. 

SHIKA'R 

... Meat. 

SHILA 

... Shaded: cold (of land) not getting the morn¬ 
ing sun. 

SHILAPHRU' 

... A rug made of goat’s hair. 

SHIR 

... A staircase or ladder consisting of a log with 
large notches cut in it. 

SHIROL 

... Corylus colurna. 

S H 0 B H L A : 

or 

SHU'BHLA 

... (1) Sweet: (2) pretty, good-looking. 

SHOLA' 

... A torch. 

SHRANG 

... Pure. 

SHTROR. 

... Umbrella. 

SHUT 

... To-morrow. 

SHUJNA 

... To be visible : to appear. 

SHUKAR 

... Friday. 

SHUND 

... Mouth. 

SHUR 

... Small canal cut for irrigating a field. 

SHURA 

... The upright pole in a threshing floor to which 
the cattle are fastened when treading out 
the corn. 

SHURK 

... Evening. 

SHURt 

... (1) A hut: (2) synonymous with Tmn ( 2 '. u.) 

SHUSHAN 

... A brush. 

SHUTNA 

... To sweep. 

SHVYARr 

... Afield. 

T. ?I 

TALA 

... Room immediately below the roof; attic: 
garret. 

TANA 

... Warp. 


94 


TA'REUNA : also 
TARA'NNA ... 
TACHHNA' 

TAHAL 

TAlNTi^ 

TAKA 

TAKRr 

TALE 

TALI' 

TAN 

TANGUL 

TAPA 

TAPRA 

TAHAIN SAJA ... 

TARIMBAR 

TARJU' 

TARKA 

TARKAR 

TARORU': also 
TAROLU'. 

TABSHUL 

'i’ARWAINA 

TATAKHUR 

TATH 

TAUKHE 

TAUNA 

THADU 

THAK 


To strip off the fibre from liemp^ &c. 

To cut, fell. 

Day of the mouth. 

A one-storied house or hut. 

Half-an-anna. 

Spindle. (S.) 

The sole of a shoe. 

The fixed base on which the millstone turns in 
a water-mill. 

(1) A shed for holding hay: (2) a large 
haystack having posts at its four corners. 

The lilac-coloured rhododendron. 

A rhyme, couplet. 

Shepherd’s hut. 

The first of Magh. 

A kind of fig. 

Weaver’s foot-noose. 

Early morning. 

Evening. 

Roof rafter for supporting shingles (and there¬ 
fore not so thick and strong as one for sup¬ 
porting slates). 

A miniature iron trident, an offering to a 
devtd or god. 

Winnowing tub. 

Flour made from horse-chestnuts. 

A wooden measure for measuring rice, holding 
a patha. 

There, in that place. 

Deaf. 

A man called out to do forced labour. 

Closed, reserved (of a forest : probably from 
Hindi thdk (a pillar). ThaJcnd (to reserve 
a forest : to stop the exercise of rights.) 


THAP 

THA'TI' 

THAUI' 

THALTU' 

thamba 

THAN 


rough. 

... Triangular net for catching hawks. 
... Carpenter. 

... A dish. 

. . . Perpendicular beam or prop. 

... (1) A minor devta; (2) teat, 


95 


THARWAR 
THIPI' or THIPU' 


THOGNA' 

THOKNA' 

THOKA 

THOSNA 

THURLA 

THWARP 

TINKP 

TIPHRA 

TIRAM 

TfeP 

TITH 

TOPU' 


TOL 

TOLP ANA 
TOP 
TOPP 
TORA 


TORU' 

TOS 

TRAPRP 

TUHUN 

TUMBRA 

TUMBRP 


TUN DA 


A fruit tree : Benthamia frugifera. 

The kerchief (generally blue or scarlet) worn 
by Kulu women tightly binding the head 
and hair. 

To find out, to feel (a pulse, &c.). 

To drive in {e.g., a peg into the ground). 

A dyke, dam : thord chinna (to build a dyke) : 
thord dhdrnd (to undermine a dyke). 

To seize. 

Leg (of beasts). 

Synonymous with Kut or Kutal (q.v.) 

Tight. 

Horoscope. 

A kind of fig tree (tarimbar) . 

Window in a granary. 

Fair, festival. 

The horizontal props protruding from the wall of 
a house and supporting the balcony verandah 
{'phirhi, hdlan). 

(1) Below (0. S.) : (2) a household, family. 

To come to the rescue. 

Search. 

(1) A cap : (2) a set of shingles. 

A fretwork silver ornament worn by Kulu 
women, attached to the kerchief on the top 
of the head and to both ears, and drooping 
over the temples. 

A goldsmith’s hammer. 

A fir tree {Abies wehhiana). 

A sheep skin. 

A rope swung across a stream bridge-fashion 
for conveying hay, &c., across the water. 

A gourd used as a water-bottle : Lagenaria 
Vulgaris. 

The brass-pin by which a woman’s drapery is 
secured at the breast. The pins are also 
used by the men to fasten their blankets 
which are worn somewhat in the fashion of a 
Scotch plaid. 

On© who has lost an arm. 


96 


TUNGRir 


TUNr 

TURKHNA' 

TUSH 

TA'K 

TA'PE 

TA'PRI' 


TATA 

TATH 

THILr 


TIKRP 

TIPNA 

TOL 

TUKNA 

TUSHNA 


TUT Hr 

UANS 
UBRA 
UDHAR 
UERl' or URI' 


UGTr 


... The large brass*pins with which the Kulu pea¬ 
sant fastens his blanket over his shoulders : 
they are connected by a chain from which 
depends his bunch of veterinary instruments. 

... Navel. 

... To cook. 

. .. Coarse rice-busk. 

T. 3 

... The larger variety of amaranth or saridra : 
also dhdngar. 

... Stepping stones. 

... A rough wooden structure in the middle of a 
field on which a man or woman is stationed 
to frighten away birds and beasts from the 
crop. 

... Hot (especially of water in a hot spring). 

... The measure used by oilmen, containing six 
kacha set's (nearly 5 lb.) of mustard seed. 

... One of the logs or lengths into which a felled 
tree is cut befoi'e being sawn or axed into 
planks and beams. 

... Little knobs or beads of silver hanging from an 
orn ament. 

... To hammer iron flat. 

... A stone, boulder. 

... To slay (an animal). 

... To scrape off from a poppy capsule the raw 
opium which has exuded from the slits 
in it. 

. . . Bowl of a hubble-bubble or hookah. 

U. ^ 

... Last quarter of the moon. 

... A room. 

... Debt. 

... (1) The nursery in which rice is first sown 
and from which it is transplanted into the 
fields. (2) [O. S. ] The young shoots of 

rice in the same : seedlings. 

Medicine. 


97 


UJE 

UKHAL 

UL CHUEKNA ... 

ULr 

ULNA 

uMor 

UJ^DHE 

UKI' 

UEILU 

UR 

URDA 


WUSUL KAHNA... 


YANA: YANl' 


Above : up. 

A hole or hollow in a rock or in a threshing 
floor used as a mortar for husking rice in. 

To close up the rat-holes in a field at the 
beginuiug of the irrigation season. 

A cave. (0. S.) 

To cut gra.ss preparatory to ploughing it in aa 
green manure. ' 

Parched Indian corn or wheat. 

Below : down. 

A cairn : heap of stones. 

A sheaf of rice seedlings handed out of the 
nursery {ur'i) to be planted in the fields. 

An upright stone set up as a landmark or 
pillar. 

The sinking (suu) the west. 

W. ^ 

To break up laud ; bring under cultivation. 

Y. ^ 

A child. 







99 


APPENDIX. 


Linguistic curiosities of the Kulu Subdivision, 

In addition to tho upper valley of the Bias the Kulu Subdivi¬ 
sion of the Kangra District includes the source and a portion of the 
upper valley of the Chenab and also almost the entire valley of the 
Spiti River, a tributary of the Satlaj; each separated from the Bias 
Valley and from one another by very high mountain ranges. Through¬ 
out the Spiti Valley a dialect of the Tibetan language, nearly akin 
to the Lhasa dialect, is spoken, to which the text books published by 
the clergymen of the Moravian Mission at Kyelang afford a complete 
key. The same language is spoken in the higher villages nearest 
the sources of the two streams, the Chandra and the Bhaga, which 
unite to form the Chenab'. But in the lower villages on each of these 
two streams distinct dialects are spoken, one, which is generally 
known as Rangloi, confined to the Chandra Valley, and the other, 
which is called Giira, peculiar to the valley of the Bh%a. A third 
dialect, differing from both of these, is spoken by the inhabitants of 
the Cheucib or Chaudra-Bhaga Valley, below the junction of the 
Chandra and the Bhaga, and is called Patau. The three do not 
appear to be related, nor have they any close connection with either 
Tibetan or Hindi. It is believed that the Moravian Missionaries at 
Kyelang possess material for the elucidation of the structure of these 
languages, but nothing on the subject seems to have been published. 
The few words and forms given below may be of some service in 
giving a rough idea of the nature of the dialects. They were col¬ 
lected with that object, but chiefly in the hope that they might throw 
a light upon another the origin of which is a puzzle to the 

carious in such matters and which lies beyond the scope of the work 
of the Moravian Missionaries- 

This patois is spoken in a glen lying within the Bias basin and 
containing only one village of two or three hundred inhabitants, 
called by outsiders Malana and by the villagers themselves MMani. 
The name of the dialect is Kanaslu, The glen is a very deep and 
narrow one, extending from the mountain ridge (at that point impas¬ 
sible or nearly so) forming the tri-junction of the Bias, Chenab, and 
Spiti water-sheds down to the valley of the Parbati, a large tributary 
of the Bias from the east. At the point of junction between the 
Malana stream and the Parbati the sides of the glen are steeply 
precipitous and the path zig-zagging from one side to the other is 



100 


extremely diflScult. The only otlier ways of entering the glen are 
by very higb and somewhat difficult passes between it and the Bias 
Valley on the one hand and the Parbati Valley on the other. The 
village of Malana is thus very isolated, and to this isolation doubtless 
is due the preservation of the ancient and curious dialect spoken 
there. 

The specimens of it given below were collected for comparison 
with the corresponding words and phrases of the Chenab dialects. 
The collection was rendered somewhat difficult by the fact that none 
of the Malana people are able to write any character, but the diffi¬ 
culty was got over to some extent by the words being taken dowuT 
not only in the Roman character, but also by a Hindi-writing mun- 
shi in the Nagri character. The specimens of the Chenab dialects 
were noted both in the Tibetan and in the Nagri character; the 
latter was unequal to the representation of certain of the sounds. 

The result of the compaiison was rather disappointing, for the 
Malana dialect seems to have few affinities with the others. But it 
was subsequently discovered that it possessed greater affinities with 
the Kanawain language or dialect which is spoken in the Satlaj Val¬ 
ley above the junction of that river with the Spiti streani. Exam¬ 
ples of that language, which have kindly been supplied by Mr. A, 
Minniken, Deputy Conservator of Forests on special duty in Bashahr 
State, are given below :—* 


It is hoped that the crude tabulation of specimens of the five 
dialects, with the corresponding words and forms in use in Tibetan, 
may form the basis of a complete investigation of those linguistic 
curiosities. It has not been considered necessary to add the ordin¬ 
ary Hindi forms which are probably well known to all readers of this 
note. An H has been added after such words as are obviously of 
Hindi origin. 


* The aflinity between tlie two dialects was I find first discovered in 1884 when 
Mr. H. C. Faushawe published a nnuiber of specimens of Katiashi in Punjab Notes and 
Queries. These were observed by the llev. W. II. Tribe who hrouglit to notice the face 
that the specimens agreed very closely with words of the Kanawari dialect colleeted'hy 
him. See Punjab Notes and Queries, \'ol. I., Nos. 376, 471, 554, 8fl6, 879 958. 








^J’ABULATION OF SPECIMENS OF THE FIVE DIALECTS. 











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English. * Tibetan. Gara. Rangloi. Patan. Kanashi (Malana). Kanawari. 


104 


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107 


Additional words parallel in the Malana [Kandshi) and Kana- 
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English. 

Kanashi. 

Kanawari. 

Cattle 

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LANG. 

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Night 

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Snow. 

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Tree ... 

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